swallows from and to the continent. Market on Thursday. Fairs, Monday after Trinity-Sunday, and the 24th of August. SOUTH-WEST ISLES, seven small islands dependent on the Bandas, of which Kissier is the chief, ly ing to the south-west. They are low, and surronded by shoals and rocks. The natives are represented as a ferocious and perfidious people, being an intermediate race between the Papuas or aborigines of that country, and the Caffres of Africa. Their number in 1796 is said to have amounted to 36,266, of whom 2322 had been converted to Christianity. The Dutch had an establishment for commercial purposes on these islands, which produce sandal-wood, some venison, and slaves. Re SOU'VENANCE, n. s. Fr. souvenance. membrance; memory. A French word happily disused, says Johnson. If thou wilt renounce thy miscreance, Life will I grant thee for thy valiance, And all thy wrongs will wipe out of my souvenance. Spenser. Gave wondrous great countenance to the knight, That of his way he had no souvenance, Nor care of vowed revenge. Id. Milton. Some tree, whose broad smooth leaves together sowed, And girded on, may cover round. Sow, v. n. & v. a. I Saxon rapan; Goth. Sow'ER, n. s. saian; Belg. sayen. To scatter seed; propagate by seed; spread; besprinkle the sower is the scatterer of seed. They that sow in tears shall reap in joy. Frowardness is in his heart: he deviseth mischief continually, he soweth discord. Proverbs vi. 14. He shall give the rain of thy seed, that thou shalt sow the ground withal. Psalm cxxvi. 5. Isaiah xxx. 23. Sow to yourselves in righteousness, and reap in mercy. A sower went forth to sow. Hosea. Matthew xiii. 3. He that soweth to his flesh shall reap corruption; but he that soweth to the spirit shall reap life everlasting. Galatians vi. 8. Like was not to be found, Faerie Queene. The one belongeth unto them that seek, the other unto them that have found happiness; they that pray do but yet sow, they that give thanks declare they have reaped. From Ireland come I with my strength, And reap the harvest which that rascal sowed. Hooker. Shakspeare. To sow a jangling noise of words unknown. Id. The intellectual faculty is a goodly field, capable of great improvement; and it is the worst husbandry in the world to sow it with trifles or impertinencies. Hale's Origin of Mankind. When to turn The fruitful soil, and when to sow the corn, I sing, Mæcenas. Dryden's Georgich. The proud mother views her precious brood, And happier branches, which she never soured. Dryden. Since then they stand secured by being joined, 'Twere worthy a king's head to sow division, And seeds of jealousy, to loose those bonds. Reve. Born to afflict my Marcia's family, And sow dissension in the hearts of brothers. Addison's Cato. An hundred and fifty of their beds, soun together, made up the breadth and length. Gulliver. SOWING, in agriculture and gardening, the depositing any kind of seed in the earth for a future crop. SOWING OF SEEDS, in horticulture. Different methods are made use of, according to the sorts; as broad-cast sowing and raking-in, drill sowing, bedding-in sowing, &c.; in each of which there are some advantages in different ways. The first is the most common and expeditious way for many of the principal crops, and is performed by sowing the seed with a spreading cast evenly all over the surface of the ground, either in one continued plat, or when divided into beds, which is immediately raked with a large rake, to bury all the seeds a due depth in the earth; some requiring to be raked in as light as possible, others half an inch, or an inch or more deep, according to their kinds and sizes, &c. In preparing for this method, the ground such a manner as is necessary; making the suris previously dug over in the common way, or in and, according to the nature of the seed, sowface level with the spade, as the work proceeds; ing it as soon as possible afterwards. And this sort of sowing should generally be performed in dry weather, particularly the early sowings in winter and spring; but in hot weather, in summer and autumn, it may often be eligible to take advantage of sowing immediately after a shower of moderate rain. The sowing itself is effected occasionally both with an open and locked hand. the seeds with an open hand, and broad-spreadIn the former case it is performed by delivering ing cast, as practised in sowing corn in the open fields, previously stepping out the ground in breaks or certain widths, as a guide to sow with the greater regularity; proceeding with the sow ing along each space with a regular step and cast, giving the hand a proper sweeping cant forward, fully expanded at the delivery of the seeds, making them spread abroad evenly in every part; and thus proceeding up one space, and down another, till finished; which method is practised in large kitchen grounds, in sowing any considerable space in one continued plat. But the latter is practised occasionally, both in sowing large continued plats of ground, and narrow beds, &c.; but more generally the latter, especially when intended sowing them bed and bed separately; or on narrow borders, and other small plats of ground, commonly sowing or delivering the seeds with a locked or close hand, discharging them from between the fore finger and thumb; opening or pinching the thumb more or less, according to the size and nature of the seeds, and thickness they require to be sown; giving the hand a sort of jerking turn, or cant forward, at the delivery, to cause the seeds to spread regularly, and in an exact manner. As soon as the seeds are sown, they should be raked in. But where the ground is loose, light, and dry, it is a good practice, after sowing, to tread them in evenly by treading the ground all over lightly and regularly. It is also sometimes proper to pare up the loose earth of the alleys an inch or two deep, and spread it thinly over the surface. The work of treading in the seeds is performed with the feet nearly close together, taking short regular steps, treading the surface all over, once in a place, with but small spaces between the steppings. And in extensive market kitchengardens, where large tracts of ground are sown at once, instead of raking in the seed, they for the sake of expedition and cheapness, have light short-tinned harrows to draw with men, with which they harrow in the seeds; and sometimes in light dry ground, and a dry surface, they afterwards roll the ground with a light wooden roller, to close and smooth the surface over the seeds more effectually; performing it when the surface is a little dried, so as not to adhere to the roller. cases, be the most desirable and advantageous practice; as where it is wet, and not capable of bearing treading, the intervals can be stood in not only to sow the seed, but perform the raking of it in, without injuring the beds by trampling upon them. Besides, when weeding, watering, or transplanting the crops become necessary, they are capable of being stood in for performing such works, as well as for culling and gathering the produce of them. In kitchen-gardens, however, where there is a scarcity of ground, or where it is of consequence to make the most of every part of such ground, and to use the utmost expedition in sowing or putting in the seed, the whole surface method, in one continued plat, may be the most eligible plan of seeding the land, especially in very large grounds, for the main crops of such kinds, as the carrot, the parsnip, turnip, leek, onions, spinach, lettuce, radish, and some others. In this mode great care is to be taken in raking and harrowing in the seed, not to draw the mould and seed into lumps or heaps, but to bury it regularly in the soil. Where the seed has been trodden in, but slight raking is necessary. This mode of sowing and covering in the seed may be had recourse to for most of the esculent crops, some flower plants, &c. The second method of sowing is necessary for many sorts of seeds, esculent, flower, tree, and shrub kinds in the nursery, both for the plants to remain where sown, and for transplantation; which is performed in drills, from a quarter or half an inch to two or three inches deep, according to the sizes and sorts of seeds; which being sown evenly along the bottom of the drill, the earth is drawn evenly over them with a hoe or rake, the depth as above, and the surface lightly raked smooth. This mode is always proper for large seeds, such as pease, beans, kidney-beans, and many large kinds of tree and shrub seeds, nuts, and berries; it being not only the most ready method of committing those large seeds to the ground the proper depth, but, by being in rows at a distance, best suits the nature of the In large garden-farms in fields, where they growth of these sorts of plants, and their methods commonly plough and harrow the ground for of culture. Many kinds of small seeds are also the the reception of the seeds, they practise only the most conveniently sown and cultivated in drills; broad-cast sowing in continued tracts, for almost such as several of the kitchen-garden plants, as all their esculent seeds, except pease, beans, parsley, chervil, coriander, all the sorts of sma.. and kidney-beans; the ground being prepared sallading, and sometimes spinach, beet, &c.; by ploughing, and afterwards rough-harrowed, also some of the aromatics, when designed as to smooth the surface moderately; the seeds edgings; and also occasionally in rows in beds, being then sown in the spreading open-handed both to remain and for transplanting, such as manner, and harrowed in either with a light thyme, savory, hyssop, &c.; likewise many sorts short-toothed horse-harrow, or by men for particu- of flower-seeds for transplantation, and somelar crops; when, if very dry weather, they roll the times to remain. It is performed by drawing surface afterwards with a wooden roller, drawn the drills with a common drawing-hoe, larger or by horses, &c., to smooth the surface. In smaller in proportion to the sorts of seeds to be these sowings, the land may either be formed sown; setting a line as a guide to draw the drills into small beds of four or five feet in width, straight by, which are drawn of different depths, sowing each in a separate manner; or the whole as the sorts and sizes of the seeds may require, may be rendered even, and then sown all over and at proportionable distances, from three or the surface, to be afterwards trodden into beds four inches to as many feet, according to the naof suitable breadths, as already suggested. The ture of the plants. Sometimes, when very small intervals in both cases, when the sowing is drills are required for fine or small seeds, to be finished, are to be thinly pared and cast over the sown in a bed, border, or hot-bed, it is done with beds, which are then raked over in a regular the end of the finger, or with the end of a small neat manner, the whole length of them. The flat stick. The seeds should in general be sown forming the land into small heds may, in some and covered in directly, if the ground be dry and I good order; but if the soil be wet, espeeially at an early season, it may be proper to suffer the drill sto lie or be open and exposed to the sun and air an hour or two, or more, to dry a little, particularly for tender seeds in early sowings, in the full ground. Drill sowing is performed for the most part. with a locked or closed hand, discharging the seeds from between the fore-finger and thumb, scattering them evenly along the bottom of the drill, some sorts requiring to be sown thinly just along the middle, such as in the angular drills drawn corner ways of the hoe, for peas, .and many other larger seeds; also sometimes for smaller seeds when intended for edgings; but in the shallow flat-bottomed drills, it is generally intended for the seeds to be scattered evenly the whole width of the drill, thicker or thinner, according to the nature of the growth of their respective plants. The work of covering or turning in the earth into the drills over the seeds, may be performed occasionally with the rake, hoe, and feet. This is a manner of sowing which has not only the advantage of putting in the seeds to the most equal, regular, and suitable depths, but of placing them in rows at such distances as may admit the sun, light, and air, in the most effectual manner for promoting the growth of the plants as crops. Besides, the moulding up, and necessary culture afterwards, can be better and more beneficially performed. In the last method of sowing, the ground dug and formed into four or five feet wide beds, with alleys a spade's width or more between bed and bed, and the earth drawn off the top of the bed with a rake or spade half an inch, or an inch or more deep, into the alley, the seed is sown all over the surface of the bed; which done, the earth in the alley is immediately, either with a rake, drawn spreadingly upon the bed again over the seeds the same depth, or spread over with a spade, and the surface raked smooth and even in a similar manner. It is often practised in the nurseries, especially in sowing some large sorts of seeds, as well as others, but not very frequently in kitchen gardens. It is not so expeditious as the broad-cast sowing, but is very proper for many sorts of small seeds, and many sorts of the tree and shrub kind, being a very regular method of sowing, so as to cover all the seeds an equal depth, and is performed two or three different ways; such as by the rake, by the spade, and by sifting. It is also sometimes performed with the rake and spade together, particularly when intended to sow any large seeds a good depth, using the rake to shove or rake the earth from off the bed into the alleys; or, if it cannot be conveniently performed with the rake a proper depth, it is effected with the spade, trimming or paring the earth evenly off the surface into the alleys; then sowing the seeds all over the surface; and if they are of the larger berry, nut, or stone kind, or any other large seed, previous to covering them, pressing or patting them all evenly down into the earth with the back of the spade; and then, either with the rake or spade, spreading the earth out of the alleys evenly over them; though if it is a deep covering, especially when taken off with the spade, it is most eligible to use the same implement in returning it, being careful to spread it evenly, to cover the seeds all equally a proper depth, smoothing the surface with the rake in finishing the work. SOW'INS, v. n. Sax. reon, to drain off. Flummery, made of oatmeal somewhat soured. These sowins, that is, flummery, being blended together, produce good yeast. Mortimer's Husbandry. See where Norah with the sowins comes. Swift. SOWL, v. a. From sow, as hogs are pulled by dogs, Skinner; from sole, a strap, a rein, Kennet; From Sax. rol, a rope.-Thomson. To pull by the ears. He'll go and soul the porter of Rome gates by the ears. Shakspeare. SOW THISTLE, n. s. Latin sonchius. A weed. Sowthistles though coneys eat, yet sheep and cattle will not touch; the milk of which, rubbed on warts, weareth them away, which sheweth it is corrosive. Bacon. SOY, or SooJU, a celebrated pickle, much used by the Japanese, made from the mame or beans of the dolichos soja. See DOLICHOS. To make it they take equal quantities of the beans boiled to a certain degree of softness; of muggi, or corn, whether barley or wheat, roughly ground; and of common salt. Having properly mixed the beans with the pounded corn they cover up the mixture, and keep it for a day and a night in a warm place to ferment; then putting the mass into a pot they cover it with the salt, pouring over the whole two measures and a half of water. This compound substance they carefully stir at least once a day, for two or three months; after which they filtrate and express the mass, preserving the liquor in wooden vessels. The older it is, the better and the clearer; and if made of wheat, instead of barley, greatly blacker. The first liquor being removed, they again pour water upon the remaining, mass; which, after stirring for some days, as before, they express a second time, and thus obtain an inferior sort of soy. SOZOMEN, or SOZOMENUS (Hermias), an ecclesiastical historian of the fifth century, was born in Bethulia, a town of Palestine. He was educated for the law, and became a pleader at Constantinople. He wrote an Abridgment of Ecclesiastical History, in two books, from the ascension of our Saviour to the year 323. This compendium is lost; but a continuation of it in nine books, written at greater length, down to 440, is still extant. He seems to have copied Socrates, who wrote a history of the same period. The style of Sozomenus is more elegant; but in other respects he falls short of that writer, displaying throughout his whole book an amazing credulity and a superstitious attachment to monks and the monastic life. The best edition of Sozomenus is that of Robert Stevens in 1544. He has been translated and published by Valesius, and republished with additional notes by Reading at London, 1720, in 3 vols. folio. SOZOMENUS (John), a learned civilian of Venice, who flourished in the seventeenth century. He published a new translation of Plato's ten books De Republica; which he altered from their original form of dialogues into a connected dissertation. SPA, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Liege, is situated on the banks of a rivulet, at the end of a deep valley, having various high and steep mountains at a short distance, so that the country around forms a beautiful landscape. The town is small, and a number of its houses are of wood. Its four streets, however, are wide and regular, built in the form of a cross. Spa can boast of little else than its far-famed medicinal springs. Of these, to the number in all of six or seven, the principal are the Pouhon, Geronstere, Sauveniere, and Tonnelet. The Pouhon rises from the hill to the north, but is made to issue from a fountain in the middle of the town; the others are at a distance of from one to two miles. The season commences with the warm weather, and lasts commonly during four months. The accommodations, both at private lodgings and hotels, are in general good. The habit of riding every morning to the more distant springs is very favorable to health. The rest of the day is passed either at a public breakfast in the Vauxhall, one of the finest buildings of this kind on the continent, on the public walks, or in the chase; for the adjacent country is abundant in game. Spa contains a theatre and commodious ball-rooms. The public walks are pleasant: and the town has been allowed a neutrality in some of the latest modern wars. The resident inhaDitants are not above 3000. Some have supposed that the medicinal waters of this place are those mentioned by Pliny in his Natural History; but others apprehend that those were the waters of Tongrés. These waters were at first the property of the community of Spa, but they were afterwards taken possession of by a bishop of Liege, until an appeal was made to the imperial chamber, which restored them to the original proprietors, who imposed a small duty on every flask exported. In 1794 Spa was taken by the French, and long remained attached to the empire. The Pouhon spring is the strongest chalybeate, and is in its most perfect and natural state in cold dry weather; but in warm moist weather it loses its transparence, appears turbid or wheyish, contains less fixed air or carbonic acid gas, and is partly decomposed. This water, which is colder by many degrees than the heat of the atmosphere, is supposed to contain the greatest quantity of fixed air of almost any acidulous water; and in consequence it has a remarkable sprightliness and vinosity, and boils by mere warmth; but this soon flies off if the water be left exposed, though it may, in a great measure, be preserved in well-corked bottles. It is capable of dissolving more iron than it naturally contains, and of thus becoming a stronger chalybeate, on account of the great quantity of fixed air which it contains: and for the same reason an ebullition is raised in it on the addition of acids, which disengage its fixed air. This water mixes smoothly with milk, whether it be cold or of a boiling heat. The Tonnelet and Geronstere springs are weaker chalybeates, but brisker and more spirituous; the Groesbeck, Sauveniere, and Wartroz, still weaker, but highly impregnated with calcareous and selenitical earths, and contain also a greater proportion of the fossil alkali. The Geromont is likewise a weak chalybeate, but contains a great deal of calcareous and selenitical earths, and about three times as much alkaline salt as any of the others. The last four waters, therefore, will be better in disorders arising from an acid cause, and as diuretics, particularly the Geromont. The Bru, or Churon, approaches to the nature of the Tonnelet. All the waters comprehended under this denomination abound with fixed air; they also contain more or less iron, fossil alkali, and calcareous and selenitical earths, together with a small portion of sea-salt, and an oily matter common to all waters. These ingredients are kept suspended, and in a neutral state, by means of the fixed air, on which the virtues chiefly depend; though they are probably rendered more active and penetrating, both in the first passages, and also when they enter the circulation, by means of that small portion of iron, earth, salt, &c., with which they are impregnated. These waters are diuretic and sometimes purgative; and, like other chalybeate waters, they tinge the stools black. They exhilarate the spirits much better than wine or spirituous liquors, and their general operation is by strengthening the fibres. They cool and quench thirst much better than common water. In cases of languor they are found excellent, particularly when it is connected with a relaxation of the stomach, and of the fibres in general, or where the constitution has been weakened by diseases, or by a too sedentary life; in such asthmatic disorders and chronic coughs as proceed from too great a relaxation of the pulmonary vessels; in gout and rheumatism; in obstructions of the liver and spleen; in scorbutic and other putrid disorders; in hysterical and hypochondriacal complaints; in paralytic disorders; in gleets; in the fluor albus; in fluxes of the belly; in the gravel and stone; in female obstructions; in barrenness; and in most other cases where a strengthening and brisk stimulating resolving chalybeate remedy is wanted: but they are hurtful in hot, bilious, and plethoric constitutions, when used before the body is cooled by proper evacuations; they are also hurtful in cases of fever and heat, in hectic fevers, and ulcerations of the lungs, and of other internal parts, and in most confirmed obstructions attended with fever. The usual season for drinking them is in July and August, or from May to September. The quantity to be drunk is such as the stomach can bear without heaviness or uneasiness: but it is advisable to begin with drinking a glass or two several times in the day, and so increase the quantity daily, as the stomach can bear; and during the course to continue that dose, and to diminish the quantity at the close in the same degree as it was augmented at the beginning. Moderate exercise is proper after drinking. Previous to the use of the water, the first passages should be cleansed by gentle purges; and during the course Rochelle salts or rhubarb may be usefully added to the first glass of water in the morning. The Spa water is also used externally as an injection in the fluor albus, and in ulcers and cancers of the womb, and also in the gonorrhea; it is serviceable for washing venereal aphtha, and ulcers in the mouth, phagædenic ulcers, by way of gargle for relaxed tonsils, and for fastening loose teeth, and in other cases of relaxation. It is also said to cure the itch, and similar complaints, by washing and bathing.-Elliott's Mineral Waters, p. 201, &c. SPAAD, n. s. Lat. stella terræ. Probably from SPADE, the instrument of digging. A kind of mineral. English talc, of which the coarser sort is called plaister; the finer, spaad, earth-flax, or salaman der's hair. Woodward. lerable degree of elegance or exactness, within short space after their decease. Addison's Freeholder. Space and motion can never be actually infinite: they have a power only and a capacity of being insigned so vast, but still a larger may be imagined; creased without end: so that no space can be as no motion so swift or languid, but a greater velocity or slowness may still be conceived. Bentley. SPACE, in geometry, denotes the area of any figure, or that which fills the interval or distance between the lines that terminate it. SPADE, n. s. SPADE BONE, SPAD'DLE. spadebone seems shoulderblade: spade. Sax. rpad; Belg. Teut. and Island. spade; Gothic sped. The instrument of digging: so called from its shape; the spaddle is a diminutive of Take the air of the earth new turned up, by digging with the spade, or standing by him that diggeth. Bacon. By the shoulder of a ram from off the right side pared, Which usually they boil, the spade-bone being bared. Drauten. Many learned men affirm that some isthmus have been eat through by the sea, and others cut by the spade. Browns. His next advance was to the soldier's trade, Where, if he did not nimbly ply the spade, His surly officer ne'er failed to crack His knotty cudgel on his tougher back. Others destroy moles with a spaddle, waiting the mornings and evenings for them. Dryden. Mortimer's Husbandry. Here nature never difference made Between the sceptre and the spade. Swift. SPADE, an important tool in rural economy, in the making of fences and embankments of different sorts, as well as in all operations of digging and draining. The most handy and con venient form for common work is probably that in which they are made strong in the back, and have a slight bend or curve in the handle or shaft, as by means of this the labor is performed with greater ease and facility. The spade is also a garden implement. It is eligible for every garden to be furnished at least with three different kinds of spades, to suit every department of gardening the more commodiously; such as the common large digging spade, for all common digging and spade-work; a middling and a small spade for digging particular narrow compartments, and between small plants closely placed in beds and borders, &c. The first is usually from fourteen to fifteen inches long in the plate, and nine broad, narrowing gradually half an inch or an inch less at the bottom. The second sort should be about a foot long in the plate, and seven or eight inches broad. The small spate, which is about eight or nine inches long in the plate, and five wide, is convenient in pointing up or slight digging, and in fresh loosening the surface between close-placed small plants, in beds and borders, &c., where neither of the two former spades can be readily introduced: it is also useful in planting and potting many sorts of small plants, taking up small roots, and other light purposes. Other sorts are in use for different purposes, as a very small narrow spade, having the plate |