put him upon other means of procuring a livelihood. It is not worth while to pursue the various fortunes of his life, through which he displayed extraordinary industry, a projecting head, with the talent of obtaining patronage in the execution of his projects, and a spirit not to be depressed by misfortunes and reverses. He overcame his want of a literary education so far as to translate from the Latin, and even the Greek, and to compose a great quantity of verses, such as they were. His merits as an author are stated with much simplicity by Winstanly in his Lives of the Poets. "John Ogilby was one who, from a late initiation into literature, made such a progress as might well style him the prodigy of his time! sending into the world so many large volumes! his translations of Homer and Virgil done to the life, and with such excellent sculptures: and (what added great grace to his works) he printed them all on special good paper and in a very good letter." His Homer, though one of the most wretched of translations, had the honour of being a great favourite with Pope in his childhood, and probably much contributed to kindle the poetical flame in his breast. The cuts to his translation of Virgil were highly valued, and served also for a splendid Latin edition of that poet. After the loss of his whole property in the fire of London, he obtained the appointment of his majesty's cosmographer and geographic printer, in which capacity he printed some volumes of a great atlas. He also published an account of the great and cross roads of the kingdom, from his own actual survey and mensuration by the wheel, which was long a standard book. He died in 1676, leaving the character of an honest and usefully industrious man. Biog. Brit.-A.

OKOLSKI, a Dominican, was a native of Russia, and became provincial of his order in Poland in 1649. He published in 1641 at Cracow a work entitled "Orbis Polonus," three volumes, folio, being a history of the Polish nation, with learned researches concerning the origin of the Sarmatians. The work is rare and valuable, though not without a tinge of national partiality. This author likewise wrote a work entitled "Preco divini verbi Albertus episcopus Ratisponensis." Moreri.-A.

OLAHUS, NICHOLAS, a learned and pious prelate, was born of an ancient family at Hermanstadt in 1493. Being brought up to the ecclesiastical profession, he passed through various employments, religious and secular, and

was nominated by Ferdinand king of Hungary, bishop of Zagrab, and chancellor of that kingdom. He was afterwards placed in the see of Agria, and was present at the famous siege of that town by the Turks in 1552, in which he contributed greatly by his liberalities and exhortations to the spirited and successful defence made by the inhabitants. In 1553 he was made archbishop of Strigonia; and during the fifteen years in which he occupied this station, he assiduously attended to the interests of religion and morality. He held two national councils at Tyrnau, the acts of which were printed at Vienna in 1560. It was chiefly through his munificence that the first Jesuits' college in Hungary was founded at Tyrnau. In 1562 he was created palatine of the kingdom, in which quality he crowned Maximilian as king of Hungary. He died at Tyrnau in 1568. This prelate wrote "A Chronicle of his own Times;" a "History of Attila," 1538; and a "Description of Hungary," 1735. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

ÓLARTE, FR. DIEGO DE, was a townsman and servant of Cortes, whom he accompanied to Mexico, and bore his share in the guilt and the glory of that wonderful, but atrocious conquest. Olarte, however, enjoyed none of the spoils; and made the best atonement he could to the Mexicans, by entering the franciscan order, and living the life of a missionary among them for forty years; inflicting during all that time penances upon himself which proved the sincerity of his contrition. He was one of the most successful missionaries, and whom the natives loved best. At different times he was guardian of the convent at Mexico, definidor of the province, and afterwards provincial. In 1567, the visitors whom Philip II sent to proceed against the rebels, sent him to Spain, as a suspected person; he cleared himself satisfactorily of the charge, and returned with the rank of comisario general of New Spain. But the fatigue of the voyage, and the anxiety which he had undergone, was too much for his old age, and he died shortly after his return in 1569. Torquemada.-R. S.

OLDENBURG, HENRY, a learned German gentleman in the seventeenth century, who sometimes wrote his name GRUBENDAL, reversing the letters, was descended from the counts of Aldenburg in Westphalia, and born in the duchy of Bremen in Lower Saxony, about the year 1626. During the time of the long parliament in the reign of Charles I. he came to England in the character of consul

to his countrymen at London; which post he continued to occupy under the administration of Cromwell. Being discharged from that employment, he accepted of the office of tutor to lord Henry O'Bryan, a young Irish nobleman, whom he attended to the university of Oxford; and in 1656, he entered himself a student in that university, chiefly that he might enjoy the privilege of consulting the Bodleian library. Afterwards he was appointed tutor to lord William Cavendish, and became intimately acquainted with John Milton, who addressed to him four of the letters in his "Epistolæ Familiares." While he resided at Oxford, he also became acquainted with the members of the society in that city, which proved the origin of the Royal Society; and upon the establishment of the latter, he was elected one of its members. When afterwards the society found it necessary to have two secretaries, Mr. Oldenburg was chosen assistant to Dr. Wilkins in that department. No sooner had he undertaken this office, than he applied himself to the discharge of its duties with the utmost zeal and assiduity, and published the first number of the "Philosophical Transactions," in the year 1664. That the publication of this work might reflect the greater credit on the society and himself, he established a correspondence with more than seventy persons, in different parts of the world, upon a vast variety of subjects. In order to lessen the fatigue unavoidably attending such an extensive literary commerce, he proceeded on the most simple and methodical plan. "I asked him," says Dr. Lister, "what method he used to answer so great a variety of subjects, and such a quantity of letters as he must receive weekly: for I knew he never failed, because I had the honour of his correspondence for ten or twelve years. He told me, he made one letter answer another; and that to be always fresh, he never read a letter before he had pen, ink, and paper, ready to answer it forthwith; so that the multitude of his letters cloyed him not, or ever lay upon his hands." Among others, he was a constant correspondent of Mr. Robert Boyle, and he translated several of that philosopher's works into the Latin language. In the year 1675, Mr. Oldenburg became involved in a dispute with Mr. Robert Hooke, who complained that justice had not been done to him in the "Transactions," with respect to the invention of the spiral spring for pocket watches. This contest was carried on with some warmth on both sides; but was at

length terminated to the honour of Mr. Oldenburg, by a declaration from the council of the Royal Society, "that the publisher of the transactions had carried himself faithfully and honestly in the managing the intelligence of the Royal Society, and given no just cause for such reflections." Mr. Oldenburg continued. to publish the "Philosophical Transactions" to number cxxxvi, in the year 1677; after which the publication was discontinued till it was resumed by his successor in the secretary's office Dr. Nehemiah Grew. Mr. Oldenburg died at his house at Charlton, between Greenwich and Woolwich in Kent, in August 1678, when he was about fifty-two years of age. He published English translations of "The Prodromus to a Dissertation concerning Solids naturally contained within Solids, &c. by Nicholas Steno," 1671, octavo; of "A genuine Explication of the Book of Revelations, full of sundry new Christian Considerations, &c. by A. B. Piganius," of the same date and size; and of "The Life of the Duchess of Mazarine," octavo. He also published numerous tracts, chiefly on theological and political subjects; in which he principally aimed at reconciling differences between religious parties, and promoting peace. Gen. Dict. Martin's Bing. Phil. Hutton's Math. Dict.-M.

ÖLDENBURGER, PHILIP-ANDREW, a jurist and political writer, was a disciple of Herman Conring, the professor of Helmstadt, and settled at Geneva, where he taught law and history with reputation. He died in that city in 1678. He was the author of a number of learned works, several of which he published under borrowed names, probably to elude personal criticism. One of these was Burgoldensis, which was only his real name reversed. Some of the principal of these are, "Notitia Imperii, sive Discursus ad Instrumenta Pacis Osnaburgo-Monasteriensis,” 1669, quarto. This contains a useful list of the German historians and writers on public law: "Limnæus Enucleatus," 1670, folio; a valuable abridgment of that writer's work, "De Jure Imperii Romano-Germanici:" "Thesaurus Rerum-publicarum totius Orbis," four volumes, octavo, 1675, a work which, though imperfect, is useful, particularly for the knowledge of the modern kingdoms: "Tractatus de Rebus-publicis turbidis in tranquillum statum reducendis," 1677, octavo. Moreri. Senebier Hist. Lit. de Geneve.-A. OLDHAM, JOHN, an English poet of the seventeenth century, was born in 1653 at Ship

ton in Gloucestershire, of which parish his father was minister during the usurpation. He received his grammatical education at Tetburyschool, and in 1670 was entered at Edmund'shall, Oxford. After an abode of four years at the university, he went home to his father's, and there composed several pieces of poetry. He found no better employment at this time than becoming usher of the free-school at Croydon, which post he occupied for three years. The Popish-plot, which greatly agitated men's minds at that period, incited him to write his four satires against the Jesuits; and he seems to have thought that it was impossible to be too bitter against that dangerous order. Whilst in this humble situation, he was surprised with a visit from the earls of Rochester and Dorset, sir Charles Sedley, and other wits, who had seen some of his performances in manuscript. His removal from Croydon soon followed this notice, and he passed some time at the seat of sir Edward Thurland, as tutor to his grandsons. He afterwards undertook the tuition of a son of sir William Hicks; and when he had fitted his pupil for foreign travel, declining the offer of accompanying him, he went to London in order to cultivate his connections among the poets and men of wit. An introduction to Dryden was one of the consequences of his residence in the metropolis; but a more substantial advantage was his acquisition of the patronage of William earl of Kingston. That liberal nobleman took him to his seat of HolmePierpont, where, in December 1683, he was I carried off by the small-pox, at the premature age of thirty. The earl erected a monument to his memory in the church of that place, with a highly encomiastic inscription.

The poems of Oldham consist of satires, pindarics, occasional copies of verses, and a great many translations from the classics. His fame was chiefly obtained by his satires, the spirited and indignant vein of which gave him the appellation of the English Juvenal. They are coarse in language, and harsh in versifica tion, but possess much vigour of style and vivacity of description. A passage describing the servitude of a domestic chaplain at that time, has been often quoted. In his other compositions he displays learning and imagination; but his neglect of polish, and his want of elegance and harmony, have excluded his works from the modern collections of approved English poetry. If, indeed, Dryden's panegyrical strains could be relied on, he gave a proimise of excellence, which renders, his early

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death a subject of deep regret. That poet thus begins a copy of verses on the death of Old ham:

Farewell, too little, and too lately known,
Whom I began to think and call my own;
For sure our souls were near allied; and thine
Cast in the same poetic mould with mine.

Of the poems of Oldham, part were pub lished by himself, and the rest after his death under the title of his "Remains." An edition of the whole, with the author's life, was given in two volumes, 12mo. 1722. Biog. Brit. -A.

OLEARIUS, ADAM, a learned German, whose proper name was Oelschlager, was born in 1603 at Ascherleben in Lower Saxony. He was for some time a professor at Leipzig, which office he quitted for a place in the service of Frederic duke of Holstein-Gottorp. That prince had a plan of bringing a share of the commerce of the Levant to his new town of Fredericstadt; and for that purpose sent an embassy to the czar of Muscovy and the king of Persia, of which Philip Crusius and Otho Brugman were the heads; and Olearius was joined to them in quality of secretary and counsellor to the embassy. Their mission lasted from 1633 to 1639; and Olearius drew up an account of the journey in the German language, printed at Sleswick in 1656 and 1671, folio, accompanied with figures designed by himself. This work is curious and much esteemed, and has been translated into several languages. The author took up his residence at Gottorp after his return, and was appointed librarian, antiquary, and mathematician to the duke. He died in 1671. Olearius was well acquainted with mathematics, a skilful musician, and a proficient in the oriental languages, especially the Persian. His other works were, "The Valley of Persian. Roses, a Collection of pleasant Stories, ingenious Sayings, and useful Maxims by the poet Shach-Saadi, translated into German," folio, 1654: "A Narrative of a Voyage to the Indies, by Albert de Mandeslo, with Remarks," folio, 1658: "An abridged Chronicle of Holstein, from 1448 to 1663" "The Gottorp Cabinet of Curicsities," 1666, 1674: all the above are in German. Moreri.-A.

OLEARIUS, GODFREY, a learned German lutheran divine in the seventeenth century, was born at Halle in Saxony, in the year 1604. His first situation in the church was that of deacon at Wittemberg; whence he re

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moved to his native city, where he was appointed pastor of St. Ulrich's church. Afterwards he was created doctor of divinity; appointed pastor of St. Mary's; nominated superior and inspector of the lutheran Gymnasium; and, finally, made superintendant of the churches in the duchy of Magdeburg, by the elector of Brandenburg. He died in the year 1685, at the age of eighty-one. He was the author of "Idea Pentateuchi," "Annotationes Biblicæ Theoretico-practice;" "Idea Dispositionum Librorum Prophetico-biblicorum;" "Hypomnemata Evangelica;" "The Life of Christ, from the Four Evangelists," in German; "An Explication of the Book of Job," in the same language; "Sermons ;" Controversial Treatises," &c. Witte Diar. Biog.. Moreri.-M.

ŎLEARIUS, GODFREY, grandson of the preceding, and son of the subject of the next article, was born at Leipsic, in the year 1672. He early discovered a love for learning, and prosecuted his studies, both in the preparatory schools and in the university, with extraordi nary diligence and success. Having completed his academical course, at the age of twentyone he went for further improvement to Holland, and from thence crossed the sea to England. To this country he was attracted by the celebrity of the university of Oxford, and the rich treasures in the Bodleian library; and he continued here more than twelve months, improving his acquaintance with philosophy, the Greek language, and sacred antiquities. Upon his return to Leipsic in 1699, he was admitted a member of the first college in that university, and not long afterwards was nominated to the professorship of the Greek and Latin languages in that seminary. This post he filled with reputation till the year 1708, when he was called to the theological chair. In 1709, he was made canon of Meissen, and appointed director of the students; and in 1714, he was preferred to the office of assessor in the electoral and ducal consistory. To the great regret of his country and personal connections, he now fell into a decline, which carried him off in the year 1715, at the premature age of forty-three. That his short life had been spent in assiduous and useful study, is sufficiently apparent from the productions which he sent into the world. He published "An Introduction to the Roman and German Histories, from the Foundation of Rome to the Year 1699," 1699, octavo; a Latin version of "The History of the Apostles' Creed," from

the English of sir Peter King, 1708, octavo; a Latin version from the English of "Stanley's History of Philosophy," with notes and dissertations, 1712, quarto; "Philostratorum quæ supersunt omnia, &c." in Greek and Latin; with a new version, and notes, 1709, folio; "Observations on the Gospel according to St. Matthew," in Latin, 1713, quarto, which were reprinted in 1743; "Dissertatio de Miraculo piscine Bethesda," 1706, quarto; “Dissertatio de Adoratione Dei Patris per Jesum Christum," 1709, quarto, written in opposition to the Socinians; "Jesus Christ the true Messiah," quarto, in German; and "The College Pastoral," in German, consisting of instruction for ministers, which was published after his death, in the year 1718. reri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

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OLEARIUS, JOHN, son of the elder GoDFREY, and distinguished for his literary acquirements and laborious industry, was born at Halle, in the year 1639. He applied with great diligence to the study of the Latin, Greek, and oriental tongues, and made such a proficiency in his acquaintance with them, that, in the year 1660, he was honoured with the title of doctor of languages. He now directed his attention to the study of divinity, and fre quently appeared in the pulpit. Afterwards he visited several of the principal German universities, and settled at Leipsic in 1661. Here, while he attended the lectures of the different learned professors, he taught philosophy and the classics to private pupils. In 1664, he was appointed Greek professor at Leipsic; and he shewed how well qualified he was for this department, by the publication of fifty-two "Exercitations on the Dominical Epistles," or, such selections from the epistles, as were commonly fixed upon for the subjects of public exercises and sermons in the lutheran universities. In 1668, he was created bachelor of divinity. In 1677, he was appointed professor in that faculty; and two years afterwards he received the diploma of doctor of divinity. Of his learning and industry as a theological student and professor he has afforded sufficient evidence, by his "Hermeneutica Sacra," his "Moral Theology," his "Introduction to Divinity," his hundred and six "Theological Disputations," his sixty-one "Philosophical Disputations," his "Programmas upon difficult Points," &c. He was one of the first who engaged with Carpzovius, Alberti, and Ittigius, in furnishing contributions to the "Leipsic Acts." He was chosen to fill the most import