jects. Remark also that in all such cases repetition and association, mutually aid each other. The principle of association of ideas explains the necessity of presenting lists of things always in the same order. If they are given in a different order at every lesson the bond of connection between them is very feeble, and the child in recalling them is likely to omit some. But if they always follow in the same order, the association between each and those before and after is strengthened by each repetition, till at last when the first is mentioned the rest follow in regular succession without any effort. 5. Imagination. Imagination is that process by which we rearrange ideas already existing in the mind so as to form new pictures or combinations which may never have really existed tho they may resemble reality. Thus if children get as a written exercise to describe an imaginary walk, they use imagination; for they form new mental pictures and describe them, tho the materials they employ-ideas of trees, streams, fields, rocks, etc., already exist in their minds. Imagination appears very early, and is constantly at work. All the pleasure of anticipated toys, holidays, excursions, etc., is the work of imagination. So also in listening to the teacher's description of foreign countries or strange animals or phenomena, the children must use the materials they have, and combine them so as to realize the teacher's description as best they can. 6. Abstraction. Abstraction is the power of separating in the mind an individual quality that always exists in nature in combination with other qualities. Thus I can think of redness by itself, tho redness never exists alone. So the child first learns the nature of number by counting actual objects; but afterwards comes to be able to think of numbers in the abstract. Or abstraction may be defined as the power of withdrawing the mind from noticing the several differences in a number of individual things, and fixing the attention in some common quality. As when thinking of men, quadrupeds, birds, fishes, etc., I sink all differences, and notice the one common quality of animal life. Abstraction is of slow growth, and children possess it only imperfectly. 7. Reasoning and Judgment. When we compare two things with one another so as to determine the relation between them--whether they are the same or different, like or unlike, etc.; or when we weigh two courses of conduct so as to determine which is best to follow-such a process is called judging, and the resulting determination is called a judgment. An idea is expressed by a word, as a horse, a slate. The simplest act of judgment-the comparison of two things-is expressed by a proposition, as the horse is strong; this knife is better than that. Judgment in its simplest form begins very early; for we see a mere infant preferring one plaything to another, or deliberately determining whether it will walk this way or that. But it is of slow growth; it is very weak in childhood and attains its full degree of strength and precision only in mature manhood. Hence the sciences, such as geometry, algebra, the abstruse distinctions of grammar, and so on, must be deferred till the pupils have advanced to the senior classes, when the reasoning power has attained sufficient strength. Among the most important functions of the reasoning faculty are induction and deduction, which will be treated of in next chapter. 8 Reflection. Reflection is that power by which one looks into his own mind, turning his attention on what is going on there so as to get ideas of the mental operations. In this way we come to have ideas of such mental actions as loving, hating, doubting, believing, approving, guiding, rejoicing, and so forth. The faculty of reflection is so slow in development, and has so little to do in elementary school education, that we may pass it by without further notice. Teachers' Examinations. ARITHMETIC. 1. (a) Divide .207776 by .0086, and write in words the local value of each significant figure in the quotient. (b) Multiply 459 by 62, and write the product in words. 2. Find the value of two fifths of 300 A. 45 sq. rd. of land at $57.25 per acre. 3. (a) is what per cent. of ? (b) What per cent. of a watch case 14 carats fine is alloy? 4. If a man insures his house valued at $3,600 at 3%, and the furniture therein valued at $1,800 at 11%, and the whole is destroyed by fire, what is his net loss? 5. The interest on a certain sum for I year, I month, I day, at 6% per annum was $86.40. Find the sum at interest. 6 After trade discounts of 33%, 20%, and 5% had been deducted from the list price of an article, the cost to a buyer was $43.51. Find the list price. 7. Raise 3 to the fifth power, and extract the square root of the result (correct to 2 decimal places). 8. If A, B, and C can do a certain piece of work in 12 days when working together, and A and C can do the same in 17% days, how long will it take B alone? 9. Which produces the better income, N. J. Central 5's bought at 122 or M. K. & T. 4's at 913, and how much? 10. Find the area of a triangular field 16 ch. 40 l. on one side which is 14 ch. 80 1. from the opposite corner of the fielp. 1. What is a (a) promissory note; (b) check? How many parties are considered in each of the above? Gorden & Smith have a furniture business at Johnstown, N. Y. The following is from their memoranda: June 4, 1900. Sold Peter Howard, on account, one oak extension table, $22. Six dining chairs, at $3. Paid for stationary and postage, $1.75. June 5. Bought Merchandise of Strong & Harlon, on ac count, as per invoice, $974.50. Sold Michael Higgins, on account, one oak folding bed $49.50. Received for cash sales, $479.50. June 6. Sold Charles W. Smith, on account, one bookcase, $62. One library table, $25. Two revolving chairs, at $10. Paid John St. John store rent for June, cash $80 and took receipt for the same. June 7. Gave Strong & Harlon our note at 15 days for $500 and paid, by check on Trader's Bank, balance on account. June 8. Received for cash sales, $495.55. cent. Paid cartage $4. Insurance on $15,000 stock at 5-8 per Deposited in Traders Bank, $580. 2-3. Using one page for each, construct forms f day-book, cash-book, and ledger. 4-5. Enter in proper form in day-book such of above transactions as belong to day-book accounts. 6. Post day-book entries. 7-8. Enter in cash-book all transactions belonging to cashbook accounts and balance the book. 9-10. Write (a) the note; (b) the check, (c) the receipt mentioned in the above transactions. ANSWERS. I. (a) A written promise to pay a specified sum at some future time to some designated person; three persons are considered in a negotiable note. (b) A written order upon a bank to pay a specified sum to a person named in the check or to whomsoever he may designate. 9-10. Fifteen days after date we promise to pay Strong & Harlon, or order, five hundred dollars, value received. Gordon & Smith. Johnstown, N. Y. June 6, 1900. (b) Traders bank pay to the order of Strong & Harlon four hundred seventy-four 50 dollars. Gordon & Smith. (c) Received of Gordon & Smith eighty dollars for rent of store for June 1900. John St. John. 700 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1. What is the object of having two branches of the state legislature? 2. (a) How often are town meetings held? (b) Mention two officers elected at town meetings, and (c) one important duty of each. 3. State (a) the general duties of the attorney-general of this state; (b) his term of office. 4. What is the term of office of (a) United States senator; (b) representative in Congress? (c) Why did the framers of the constitution adopt this plan? 5. Who is the custodian of the public records of (a) the county; (b) the town; (c) the school district? 6. Give the general duties of inspectors of election? 7. (a) How is the office of secretary of state of the United States filled? (b) Give two of his most important duties. 8. What member of the president's cabinet has charge of (a) the United States military school at West Point; (b) the naval school at Annapolis; (c) the Indian schools? 9. (a) How are the new states admitted into the Union? (b) How are the territories governed? (c) How is a territory represented in Cougress. 10. (a) What is the name of the highest court of the United States. (b) How are its judges chosen? ANSWERS. 1. That one may act as a check on the other. 2. (a) Once in two years. (b) A supervisor and a town clerk. (c) The supervisor represents the town in the county legislature; the town clerk keeps the town records. 3. (a) To attend to the legal business of the state. (b) Two years. 4. (a) Six years; (b) two years; (c) because, in their judgment, this arrangement would give the best results, there being one conservative body and one that was easily changed. 5. (a) The county clerk; (b) town clerk; (c) district clerk. 6. To see that ballots are properly cast and counted. 7 (a) By the appointment of the president, confirmed by the senate. (b) To act as a member of the president's cabinet and to have general charge of foreign affairs. 8. (a) The secretary of war; (b)secretary of the navy; (c) secretary of the interior. 9. (a) By act of Congress. (b) By Congress. (c) By a delegate. 10. (a) Supreme court. (b) They are nominated by the president and confirmed by the senate, GEOGRAPHY. 1. (a) What causes the apparent movement of the sun north and south in the heavens? (b) What is the measure of this movement in degrees? 2. Define and give an example of (a) a mountain system; (b) a plateau; (c) a plain; (d) a river basin. 3. Locate in the German empire (a) an educational center; (b) a famous river; (c) a trading port; (d) extensive forests. 4. Name (a) two rivers which cross the plains of China; (b) one receiving its waters from the south side of the Himalaya mountains; (c) two flowing northward across Siberia. 5. Which grand division of land has the most (a) regular coast line; (b) irregular coast line? (c) How do these conditions affect the wealth and power of the people? 6. On what waters would you sail in journeying by ship from London to Constantinople? Locate by province or colony (a) Sydney; (b) Melbourne; (c) Cape Town; (d) Johannesburg. 8. Name the counties of New York that border on (a) Pennsylvania; (b) New Jersey. |