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nounced the removal of the orchestra spikes and bars, detested by the pit, as is shown in Hogarth's engraving of the "Laughing Audience." "WE ARE SATISFIED," was written on a placard, and with these words the war ended.

For the next season there were to be only five private boxes, as in the year 1802. Numerous placards were then exhibited praying for Brandon's restoration (Mr. Clifford joining in the solicitation), which soon after took place, and the campaign ended, January 4, by the O.P.'s and the managers dining amicably together at the Crown and Anchor, and everyone shaking hands. The toasts, on this auspicious occasion were :-

"May a browbeating judge ever be opposed by an enlightened and impartial jury."

"The Bill of Rights, and condign punishment to those magistrates who infringe it by requiring excessive bail."

The last O. P. ballad written was the following, entitled

"THE O. P.'S VICTORY.

"Again the vocal tumult roars,

The O. P.'s take their ground;
On all sides reinforcement pours,
At rattle's well-known sound.

Then shouting forth their fav'rite songs,
They beat time as they sing;

Briton's, strike home! avenge your wrongs,
And then-God save the King.
With a hey ho rattle,
Hark forward to battle.

"While as the battle fierce did glow,
John Kemble stood in view,

Begg'd silence-making them his bow-
O. P.'s I yield to you,
Brandon shall quit us in a trice,
No private box shall be;
And Pittites you shall have old price,
You've gained the victory.

With your hey ho dancing,
Hark forward and prancing.""

Our readers may imagine the delight felt by all quietgoing theatrical people when a newspaper was able at last to insert, in a facetious obituary, the welcome words

"December 15, 1810.-Died, O. P., aged 66."

THE CASTLES, HALLS, AND MANOR HOUSES OF ENGLAND.

LEEDS CASTLE, Kent.

"This castle hath a pleasant seat; The air nimbly and sweetly recommends itself Unto our gentle senses."

LEEDS CASTLE, in bygone times the great central stronghold of Kent, stands in the very heart of the richly cultivated county of Kent, in the midst of wild and picturesque scenery, and about five miles eastward of the town of Maidstone, on the high road leading to Ashford. It is a grand and stately pile of buildings, of various orders of architecture, but chiefly of the reign of Henry VIII., whilst some small portion dates as far back as the period of Edward I., or even earlier; and at the time of its erection, taking into consideration the military skill of that period, it must have been well-nigh impregnable. The fortress was formerly a favourite residence of the English monarchs, and is said to have been one of the castles in which the unhappy Richard II. was confined as a prisoner; here also Joan of Navarre, the second queen of Henry IV., was imprisoned under a charge of conspiring against the life of her step-son, Henry V. In more recent times it became the manor-house of the descendants of Henry, fourth Lord Fairfax, cousin of the great Parliamentary

General.

The castle, encircled by a broad moat of clear water, nearly fifteen acres in extent, lies in the midst of a park of considerable extent, charmingly laid out, and studded with noble elm, beech, and oak trees. The park consists of an

unbroken chain of undulations covered with a smooth velvet-like turf, upon which groups of deer recline or wander beneath the branches of the stately trees, whilst occasionally a sudden turning from the ordinary pathway will lead the rambler into a deep ravine, that, with its tangled brakes and purple hare-bells, might forcibly bring to his imagination one of those enchanting scenes that form the chief characteristic of a fairy extravaganza. Here he may wander,

"Or sit beneath the shade

Of solemn oaks, that tuft the swelling mounds, Thrown graceful round by nature's careless hand, And pensive listen to the various voice

Of rural peace the herds, the flocks, the birds, The hollow-whispering breeze, the plaint of rills, That purling down amid the twisted roots

Which creep around, their dewy murmurs shake On the soothed ear.'

The roadway by which we proceed winds beneath the spreading branches of a noble avenue of beech trees, on emerging from which we suddenly come in full view of the castle, its boldly-defined outlines standing out in clear relief against the dark foliage of the trees, with which the background is filled in. Following the course of the roadway by the side of the moat, we soon arrive at the most ancient portion of the edifice, namely, the remains of an outwork in front of the principal gatehouse.

It may be here observed that Leeds Castle consisted of five distinct forts, each of which was capable of being separately defended, and three of which were wholly surrounded by water, as, indeed, they have remained to this day. The moat is formed by throwing a dam across the lower part of a valley, through which is the course of a rivulet, called the Len. The castle is approached by three different causeways, two of which were defended by drawbridges. The third leads to the outwork above mentioned, which was not originally surrounded by water; in fact, it constitutes the dam or head by which the moat is formed, but having been walled on both sides, and leading up to a strong gateway, it presented no favourable access to an enemy. Further, in the event of this outwork being carried, there was still a deep ditch and a drawbridge, defended by loopholes and a gatehouse, to be passed before the barbican or second fort could be gained. From the barbican a bridge of two arches, originally a drawbridge, leads to the principal part of the castle, which constituted the third and fourth forts; and this again is separated, by a similar bridge, from the keep, the fifth and last stronghold.

Taking our stand in the "outwork," we have around us the moulding remains of a massive square tower, which originally contained the castle mill. The arrangements for the water-wheel are sufficiently visible to show clearly where it was placed. The holes for the floor-joists remain, also the loopholes by which the different stories were lighted. The plan by which the water was allowed to escape, after turning the wheel, without giving an opening for the approach of an enemy, is simple and effective. The newel staircase can also be traced, by which the upper stories were approached.

Separated from this outwork by a deep ditch and two drawbridges, each reinforced by a gatehouse and portcullis, was the barbican. This portion seems to have been of a semi-circular form, and in it the three causeways, which constituted the approaches, appear to have united; one of the three, as before observed, terminating at the north-western gate of the outwork. The wall of the barbican facing towards the outwork, or tête du pont, and its loopholes, are tolerably perfect. One of the piers of the gatehouse, facing to the south, remains, with the massive hinges of the gate, and the groove for the portcullis. There is in the barbican what seems to have been a lodge for the porter or sentinel, as it exactly resembles, in all but size, a similar construction in the principal gatehouse. Portions of a tower are still standing at the west corner of the barbican, and adjoining the gatehouse. The tower is too small to have contained a stair

case; its precise use, therefore, unless as an ornamental structure, is not very apparent. Close by there is a slip in the wall, towards the moat, which is noticed in a survey of the castle, made in 1314, and does not seem to have been repaired since that time.

From the barbican, the approach to the main fortress is over a bridge of two arches, with a very solid pier between them. This was originally a drawbridge, evidently so constructed that one half of it drew up towards the main building, and the other towards the barbican, thus insulating both sections, and rendering them capable of separate defence. Over the gateway are some bold machicolations, and the holes are still visible through which passed the beams and chains which raised the drawbridge. The portcullis groove is perfect, as is also the recess above, into

windows. These walls are from seven to eight feet thick. In the constable's room, above mentioned, is a chimney-piece, of the date of Henry VII. or VIII., with an inscription not very legible, but which may be rendered :-"If so be that ye may my lady please, no sort of travail will they work, saith Horacius." There is also a kind of lateral opening, or "skew," the object of which seems to have been to form a communication between the constable and those in charge of the gate and portcullis. It also communicates with a passage leading to a chamber over the gateway, which contains a fireplace; but whether this was for the purpose of heating liquids, to be thrown through the openings of the machicolations, on to the heads of assailants, or for purposes of habitation, is doubtful. The door of this chamber is criginal, and of a peculiar construction, having the appearance of a

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which it was raised, but the gates are not original. On entering the gateway we have on our left the porter's lodge, of which the doorway is a square-headed trefoil, or shouldered arch. Adjoining this is a tall arch, partly concealed by the modern porter's lodge, which led to the outer bailey. Within a second arch are the holes on each side for receiving the beam of a wooden palisade. On the left is a staircase, leading to the upper story of the gatehouse buildings. Here is a solar, or constable's apartment. From this a communication leads to another large room on the righthand side of the gateway, with an early fireplace, of which the chimney is in the thickness of the wall. In this chamber are some very ancient windows; but there are also the remains of a flushing of lead in the opposite wall, at a lower level than the heads of the windows, by which it is partly clear that the main walls of the building are older than the

feather-edged board on each side, the thin edge of each being let into a groove in the thick edge of the next.

On the left side of the entrance is a newel staircase, leading to the guard-room. This chamber has a handsome window at the farther end, on the side towards the moat, the external arches of which are perfect. The room is now used as a magazine or store for the ammunition of the Leeds Castle Rifle Corps. The lower story, which does not seem to have been vaulted, is merely lighted by small oblong openings, not much larger than loopholes. On the two ends of the gatehouse buildings are plainly seen the remains of the inner wall of enceinte. The merlons of this, and also, perhaps, those of the outer wall, were very long between the embrasures, and every other merlon contained a loophole. Several specimens remain, though in a dilapidated condition. It is not quite certain that there were any embrasures in the

lower or outer wall, and it may possibly have contained loopholes only, as in the barbican. In the entrance archway the original bench for the guard is still to be seen, but the level of the ground having been sunk about a foot, it has a somewhat stilted appearance.

In the circuit of the main island on which the castle stands are five bastions or towers, of a horseshoe form, in one of which there is an upper story, which was apparently rebuilt by Henry VIII. Each bastion was a two-storied building, separately victualled and holding about twenty men, and from which a flanking fire would be maintained on a force attacking the "new" castle, the weakest of the five forts. There is also a square tower, the upper part of which has been removed, but the lower part contains the water entrance of the boat-house. Of this tower a portion projected into the moat sufficient to admit of an entrance by means of an arch, which bears evidence of having been strongly fortified, there being two grooves-one for a portcullis, and the other for a gate or grating, which seems to have been drawn up from below. In the wall, nearly opposite to the entrance, there is a second arch, which appears to lead to a kind of wharf or quay, on which the contents of the boats might be landed. The upper part contained a fireplace, and was floored with wood. The windows in both stories were of one light, with trefoiled heads. This boat-house is said originally to have been used as a bath-room by Edward I.

targets; but, when descending into open ground, fixed their
swords at the end of leaping-poles to keep off cavalry. At
Bosworth they beat off in this manner the bravest chivalry
England could produce." Is there any foundation for the
above account of the origin of the bayonet? The writer
evidently alludes to the glaive, but where is there any account
of a division of Welshmen repulsing a charge of cavalry at
the battle of Bosworth ?
J. WHITE.

MILITARY MEDALS.-Will any of your numerous readers kindly inform me where I can see engravings or drawings of the following ?

1. Gold medal from the King of Prussia to "Mr. William Murphy, a private gentleman of the troop of Guards of his Majesty the King of Great Britain." April, 1721.

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2. Gold medal from the Queen of Spain to each of the officers of the Irish Brigade for their high sense of honour during the attack on the city of Fontarabia in 1792."

3. Gold medal to Subadar Ibraham Cawn, Ist battalion 3rd regiment Bombay Infantry, "for his gallant and soldierlike attack of a pagoda near Carwar." Bombay, August, 1800.

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4. Gold medal to Mustapha Beg Ist battalion 1st Native Infantry, for giving the only intimation which was received of the projected mutiny at Vellore." Madras, Aug., 1806. 5. Gold medal from the Highland Society to Corporal Mackay, 71st regiment, "for his dignified disinterestedness towards General Bernier, whose life he saved at the battle of Vimiera, in 1809."

6. Silver medals to Jemadar Shieck Hoosein, 2nd battalion 6th regiment Native Infantry and sepoy Hurry Bhoy, 1st battalion 7th regiment Native Infantry, "for exemplary conduct at the battle of Gunnesh Candy." Bom

Adjoining the water-tower, is a large building, built partly within the inner wall of enceinte, and partly without it, the projecting part standing on the old outer wall. This building has been by some writers attributed to William de Wykeham, but the bulk of what is now standing does not appear to be of a date anterior to the time of Henry VIII. There is a tradition that it was built for the Maids of Honour, but this is very doubtful. It is now used as a laundry, brew-bay, November, 1817. house, carpenters' shop, &c. Farther on are the remains of a square tower, projecting from the inner to the outer wall of enceinte. It is not clear whether at this point, and at another point on the opposite side of the island, there was a complete stoppage of the road along the outer bailey, or whether there was a continuous communication by means of an archway under the tower. From this point these two walls approached each other, until they met at the drawbridge leading to the keep.

"

7. Silver medals to Corporal McLaughlan and four other soldiers of the 73rd regiment, for display of heroism and generous feeling on march from Passera to Badulla during the Kandian war." Ceylon, 1818. J. W. FLEMING.

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A PURITAN JURY.-Among my antiquarian odds and ends, I have the following curious list of a Sussex jury of the seventeenth century. I forget where I copied it from, but should like to hear whether anything is known of the In the portion of the higher wall of enceinte taken down names as those of Sussex families, especially that of White, in 1822-when considerable alterations and repairs were of Ewerst. The names and quaint prefixes are as follows:-effected in the castle by the grandfather of the present Approved-Trewen, of Northam; Be thankful-Maynard, owner were several fireplaces, the flues of which ran up in of Brightling; Be courteous--Cole, of Pevensey; Safety on the thickness of the wall, showing that buildings of con-high-Snat, of Uckfield; Search the Scriptures-Moreton, siderable extent had been attached to it. The cellar is about of Salehurst; More fruit-Fowler, of Heathlege; Free sixty feet in length; the end projecting into the bailey still gift-Mabbs, of Chiddingly; Increase-Weeks, of Cuckhas a large semicircular doorway, though it is now built over field; Restore-Weeks, of Cuckfield; Kill sin-Pemble, and cannot be seen. A similar but smaller doorway is also of Westham; Elected-Mitchell, of Heathfield; Faint notconcealed by modern work on the left-hand side. These are Hurst, of Heathfield; Renewed-Wisberry, of Hailsham ; probably the oldest portions of the castle now extant. Return-Mulwood, of Hellingly; Fly debate-Smart, of Opposite to the last-mentioned doorway is the entrance still Waldrons; Fly fornication-Richardson, of Waldrons; in use, which is excavated through the rock. There is in the Seek wisdom-Wood, of Waldrons; Much mercy-Cryer, cellar a recess about eight feet by six, and very low; but of Waldrons; Fight the good fight of faith-White, of whether it was constructed for a dungeon, or for some other Ewhurst; Small hope-Biggs, of Rye; Earth-Adams, of purpose, is a question of some difficulty to decide upon. Warbleton; Repentance-Avis, of Shoreham." (To be continued.)

Queries.

THE BAYONET.-In a cutting from an article on the bayonet, published in an old military magazine, dated 1838, the writer says:-"Were the bayonet really a French invention I should say little in its defence; but it, in truth, was first borrowed from the Welsh and Bretons, who in their mountains and marshes, generally fought with sabres, similar to those of French sapeurs, and strong round leathern

B. DARCY.

Α CURIOUS DURHAM CUSTOM CALLED "PUSH PENNY." It was the custom in the city of Durham to observe three days in the year, namely, 30th January, 29th May, and the 5th of November, by throwing twenty shillings worth of copper among the lads of the city, to be scrambled for in the college-yard. Whence the origin of the custom, and is it still continued?

NUMMUS.

POST CONQUESTUM ANGLIÆ.-In Graveney Church, Kent, three brasses, temp. Henry IV., contain a political

allusion to the year 1421 in the words "post conquestum Has "Powis Wells" anything to do with "Powis House, Angliæ." What does this refer to, and are there other or to a locality or particular spot in the neighbourhood? instances of the use of this peculiar expression?

G. B.

THE WORD "ELEVEN."-What is the derivation of this word, as signifying one and ten, whilst two, three, four, &c., are distinguished as twenty, thirty, forty, &c. ?

M. D.

LORD NELSON.-Some time back a series of narratives, entitled "Old Stories Retold," was published in All the Year Round. One of them professed to give an account of the Battle of Trafalgar, and the death of Lord Nelson. It described the man who shot Nelson, as a Tyrolese zager, and spoke of his round frock (a white one if I remember rightly), and his glazed hat, and how after killing Nelson, he was picked off by some one on board the "Victory." Is not this all purely apocryphal? I have seen other accounts of the man who shot Nelson, one asserting that he was taken prisoner; but in some cuttings I had from newspapers of the time, giving minute accounts of Nelson's death, nothing was said to lead any one to suppose that it was known who killed him. That the shot was fired from the top of the enemy's ship, there can be no doubt, from the downward course taken by the bullet. I should be glad of any information on this subject, that is, if anything is known concerning it.

B. AIKEN.

BROWNE, OF ELSING.-William Browne, next brother to Anthony, 1st Viscount Montagu (temp. Elizabeth), married Anne, daughter and co-heir of Hugh Hastings, Esq., of Elsing, Norfolk (the last male descendant of the old Barons Hastings), and thereby acquired that estate. Who now represents the family? The male line is extinct, and I believe the Pratts of Ryston Hall, Norfolk, and the Astleys, Barons Hastings, intermarried with daughters of one of the later members of the family, but am not sure that they represent the line.

W. D. PINK.

THE BROAD ARROW.-I should be very glad of any information relative to the circumstances which led to the adoption of the "Broad Arrow," as it now is used, and also to the time when that device began to be used with its present signification. I am aware of what the periodical bearing the title of the "Broad Arrow" has published on this subject. CHARLES BOUTELL.

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COLONEL PRIDE.-On December 8, 1660, it was "" solved by the Lords and Commons, assembled in Parliament, that the carcases of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton, John Bradshaw, and Thomas Pride, whether buried in Westminster Abbey or elsewhere, be, with all expedition, taken up and drawn on a hurdle to Tyburn, and there hanged up in their coffins for some time; and after that, buried under the said gallows." Although three bodies, said to be those of Cromwell, Ireton, and Bradshaw, were treated in this disgraceful manner, yet, for some reason, now unknown, no search appears to have been made for the body of Colonel Pride. I should be glad to hear if his burial place is known, and whether he has left any descendants. He is said to have been a foundling.

W. WALKer.

"POWIS WELLS."--In a tradesman's old day-book (A.D. 1744), I find an entry made of work done at "Powis Wells." I find from a map (1777), Powis House was bounded on the North, by (now) Guildford Street; South, Great Ormond Street; East, Lambs Conduit Street; and West, Queen's Square. Previous to the formation of the New River, there existed (near this spot), for the supply of a conduit at "Snow Hill," many accumulated springs formed into a reservoir.

J. L.

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BARRICADES IN FRANCE.-I thought street barricades were first used in the first revolution, until the other day, when I read in an old history that the Parisians used them as early as 1588. Is this the time they were first used? G. BEDO.

REAR, OR AREA LANE, OXFORD.-Will some of the numerous readers of the Antiquary kindly inform me if there is (or was) a place in Oxford called Rear or Area Lane, or some similar name ? HENRICAS.

WOTY. Where was William Woty, the poet, born?
J. DYMOCKE FLETCHER.

Replies.

FIRST DUKE OF LEEDS (Vol. iv. 19).-Information respecting the political life of this statesman, who acted a conspicuous part in the reigns of Charles II. and William III., may be found in Macaulay or Hume. Perhaps the following brief summary of his history will be useful to your correspondent. Sir Thomas Osborne, afterwards Duke of Leeds, was the son of Sir Edward Osborne, Bart., of Tiveton, York, whose grandfather, Sir Edward, laid the foundation of the fortunes of his family by marriage with the daughter and heiress of Sir William Hewett, Lord Mayor in 1559, and one of the most considerable merchants of the city of London. The story of this marriage is somewhat romantic. It appears that young Osborne was placed apprentice with Sir William Hewett, and while serving in that capacity, it is said, his master's infant daughter, through the carelessness of her nurse, fell into the Thames from a window of the house on London Bridge. The young apprentice instantly leaped into the river, and with great difficulty and danger, rescued her. In after years, when several suitable proposals were made for the hand of the

Again, in

glasses" is

NUMMUS.

NORTHUMBERLAND HOUSE (Vol. iv. 19).—This mansion Lord Privy Seal, who died in it A. D. 1614. It was then was originally built by Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton, known as Northampton House, but when at its founder's death it descended to his kinsman, Thomas Howard, of Walden, Earl of Suffolk, it received the name of Suffolk House, and was so called until the marriage of Elizabeth, the daughter of Theophilus, second Earl of Suffolk, with Algernon Percy, tenth Earl of Northumberland, in the year 1642, when it acquired its present name.

young heiress, the grateful Sir William declined them all GLASS (Vol. iii. 235, 295 ; iv. 9).—Job xxxvii. 18: "as a with the remark, “Osborne saved her, and Osborne shall molten_looking_glass." The word "glass is not in the have her." Through this marriage, the apprentice found original. The Hebrew is: p, a fused or "molten himself in possession of an estate worth 6000l. per annum, sight or mirror," meaning "a sight." and eventually became Lord Mayor of London in 1582, Isaiah iii. 23-"The glasses, and the fine linen, and the when he was knighted. His great grandson, Sir Thomas hoods and the vails." The word translated, 66 Osborne, entered Parliament in 1661, as M.P. for York,, which means "light dresses or transparencies.” and by his parliamentary talents, rose successively in the reign of Charles II. to the posts of Treasurer of the Navy, 1671; Privy Counsellor, 1672; and Lord High Treasurer, 1673. In the latter year also he was created Viscount Latimer, and in the next, Earl of Danby, by which title he is best known in history. In 1679, he was impeached by the House of Commons for abusing his influence as Minister of the Crown by negotiating a disadvantageous peace with France, at the price of a heavy bribe from the French monarch, and, notwithstanding he was able to plead both the command and the pardon of his sovereign, he was deprived of all his offices, and committed to the Tower, where he remained for several years. At the Revolution, joining the party of the Prince of Orange, he was rewarded for his adherence with the post of President of the Council, and the further dignity of Marquis of Carmarthen. In 1694, he was created Duke of Leeds, as Burnet says, "to colour the dismissing him from business with an increase of title." The year following he was impeached a second time by the Commons for corrupt practices in connection with the renewal of the Charter of the East India Company, but the impeachment was suffered to drop, though, as Hume stated, not without some scandal attaching itself to the duke's character. He died in 1712, in his eightieth year. According to Hume, "Danby was a frugal minister, and by his application and industry, brought the revenue into tolerable order; he endeavoured so to conduct himself as to give offence to no party, and the consequence was, that he was able entirely to please none." In Chamber's "Book of Days" (Vol. i. 746), is an interesting account of a secret and mysterious meeting in the summer of 1688, between the Earls of Danby and Devonshire, at a tavern, since called Revolution House, at Whitington, Derbyshire, and at which it is thought definite plans were for the first time agreed upon with reference to inviting over the Prince of Orange.

W. D. PINK.

THE LAW OF HOTCH-POT (Vol. iii. 235, 266, 295, 308).-Hotch-pot is a blending or mixing of lands and chattels, answering in some respects to the collatio bonorum of the civil law. Wharton derives the term from French haché en poche, a confused mingling of divers things; while Bailey, in his Dictionarium Britannicum (edit. 1736), finds its origin in Dutch huts-pot, flesh cut into small pieces, and stewed with herbs and roots; and hence, he says, by way of metaphor, the putting together of lands for the equal distribution of them. The English dish, hodge-podge, has its synonyme in the Scotch hotch-potch. Jamieson derives the latter from Teutonic huts-pot. As to the derivation from French haché en poche, it seems more probable that some form of this word may be found in other dialects of the Gothic, and that it descended to the Normans from their progenitors the Northmen, to whose institutions it is only reasonable to believe the feudal law in its elements is mainly to be referred. Thomson gives Belgic (a German dialect), huts-pots, and Icelandic hossa; Teut. hotsen; Belgic hutsen, to shake, to jumble. He says: "Hotchpotch, a confused mixture of food boiled together." This subject was discussed in Notes and Queries in April, 1872. (See 4th S., ix. 180, 248, 306, and subsequent numbers), and what is here stated is in substance what was then communicated by myself. Your correspondent will find much of all he desires to know by reference to the papers in question, and by consulting Wharton's "Law Lexicon."

J. C. ROGER.

The edifice formerly formed three sides of a quadrangle, the fourth side being open to the gardens and the river. Its reputed architect was Bernard Jansen; but the frontispiece near the street, has been ascribed to Gerard Christmas, who designed Aldersgate, which was rebuilt in the reign of James I. At that period the principal rooms were on the Strand side. On the roof of this front there was a border of capital letters these letters expressed the names and titles of the Earl of instead of rails or balustrade, and Walpole conceived that Northampton, in Latin.

Camden states that at the funeral

of Queen Anne (James the First's consort), a young man among the spectators was killed by the fall of the letter S. the letters were taken down when Inigo Jones completed from the top of Northampton House. It is probable that the quadrangle, including the state rooms towards the river. This was done after the house became the property of Earl Algernon, who disliked the noise of so public a thoroughfare of architecture, and had dome-crowned towers at the angles, as the Strand. The entire pile was built in a mixed style in the Dutch style.

After the estate devolved upon Sir Hugh Smithson, in 1749, considerable improvements to the house were made by him; two new wings were annexed to the garden front, the quadrangle court was faced with stone, and great part of the northern front was rebuilt; but the central division, Gerard Christmas, and is a fine example of his time. Many which includes the portal, still exhibits the original work of other alterations and repairs have since been made, particularly after the fire here in 1780, which consumed most of the upper rooms on the Strand side.

tions and improvements made by the present Duke of The circumstance of the more recent fire, and the alteraNorthumberland, are alluded to in the Times account of the splendid entertainment given by the Duke a week or so

since.

W. E. B.

Northumberland House is the last of the palatial representatives of the Strand. It stands on the ancient site of a

hospital or chapel of St. Mary, founded, in the reign of Henry III., by William, Earl of Pembroke, on land granted by him to the Monastery of Rounceville, in Navarre. This hospital was suppressed by Henry V., as belonging to an alien monastery, as were many other buildings of the same kind. It was restored by Edward IV., and continued so until it met its final dissolution at the Reformation. In 1601, it came into the possession of Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton, son of Surrey the poet, who erected a splendid and costly mansion on the site. On the death of the said Henry, which happened in 1614, it fell into the possession of the Earl of Suffolk, and from Northampton House, by which name it had hitherto been known, the name was changed to Suffolk House. It acquired its present title of Northumberland House, on the marriage of one of the daughters of the

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