LE Bail, virgin fouls, ye little cherubs, hail! First objects of your Lord's redeeming care: 'Tis true, your infant-fouls cannot contain And eager question thus my glorious guide) And celebrate their faviours matchless love "Yes (they reply, while heav'nly fweetness flows Yes, we our kind and tender father know; MONTHLY OCCURRENCES. October 26. ETTERS from Suabia ftate, that the fituation of affairs in the Dutchy of Wirtemburg, have lately undergone a complete change. The fuccefles of the coalefced powers determined the Duke to embrace their cause openly, and he confiders his treaty with France as null. His vote at the Diet of Ratifbon is for the continuance of the war, the quintruple contingent, and the 100 Roman months. He is at variance with the ftates of the Dutchy. His minifter, Count Zeppelin, has requested that Count Lehrbach may be fent to terminate his differences with them. The ftates have invoked the mediation of Pruffia and the Regency of Hanover, 28. Col. Clinton arrived on Saturday morning with difpatches from the Duke of York, and a copy of the ca pitulation --The will be greatly against us, at least 2000 men. In the action of the 19th Sep. the French took 6 to 1.; and in the other engagements they have always had the advantage in this refpect; thus we fhall give up to the enemy in confequence of this enterprife, 10,000 men, 8000 of whom they are to pick out from the others, This ftipulation they no doubt made for the purpose of procuring their best feamen. The Dutch will obtain the failors attached to the prefent go vernment, and the friends of the Stadtholder excluded from all trust; they will be banished from Holland, and be rendered for ever incapable of ferving the house of Orange. The French will obtain 5 or 6oco of their best feamen, a fupply of the most effential fervice to them at this time, when they feem to entertain a delign of putting to fea with the Breit feet, and the Dutch will be free from thofe who have betrayed their caufe. Even upon th's ftatement, we confider the advantage of depriving the enemy of their ships counterbalanced, but when we recollect we have loft 13,000 men, including the Ruffians that the whole amount of the incometax is probably thrown away upon this object--that our trade has been embarrafled by the occupation of fhipping as tranfports---and that commerce has had a fhock, occafioned by the failures at Hamburg, and by the alarm, and ftoppage of trade in Helland--when we view all thefe calamities, we must own that this expedition has been the most difastrous and humiliating of any in which this country has been engaged. It has given a mortal blow to the hopes of the houfe of Orange, and cemented Holland permanendly to France. pitulation between his Royal Highnefs and the French General Brune, the fubftance of which is as follows-"From the date of this convention all hoftilities fhall ceafe-. mounted batteries taken poffeffion of at the Helder, or at any other place, by the British and Ruffian troops, fhall be restored in the state in which they were taken, or (in a state of improvement) in their prefent ftate, and all the Dutch artillery taken therein fhall be preferved. The combined English and Ruffian army hall embark as foon as poflible, and fhall evacuate the territory of the Dutch republic by Nov. 30, 1799, without committing any devaftation whatever. Any veffels which may arrive with reinforcements for the combined armies, fhall not land the fame, but fhall be fent away as foon as poffible. Gen. Brune fhall be ar liberty to fend an officer within the lines of Zuyp, and to the Helder, to report to him the ftate of the batteries, and the progrels of the embarkation. His Highness fhall be equally at liberty to fend an officer within the French and Batavian lines, to fatisfy himself that no new works are carried on on their fide. French and Batavians, taken before. the prefent compaign, and now, detained in England, fhall be restored without conditions, to their respective countries the proportion, and the choice of fuch prifoners for each, to be determined between the two republics. The cartel agreed upon between the two armies for the exchange of prisoners taken during the prefent campaign fhall continue in full force till it fhall be carried into complete execution; and it is further agreed that the Dutch Admiral De Winter fhall be confidered as ex- 29. Yesterday about 3 o'clock inchanged. Concluded at Alkmaer,telligence was received at the Adthe 18th Oct. 1799, by the under-miralty, by the telegraph, of the arfigned general officers, furnished with rival of Napper Tandy at the Nore; full powers to that effect. in confequence, a meflenger and two Bow-treet officers were sent off exprefs to bring him to London, fince which he has been fent, with his two. companions, to Ireland, where it is expected he will take his trial for high treafon. 8000 (Signed) Knox, Major-general. Upon a fair eftimate of the profit and lofs of the expedition, it is impoffible to deny that we are great fufferers. Upon an exchange of pri foners, taken on land, the ballance Nov. 2. In conféquence of the Se nate lieved that Seyes is the projector of this change, and that he fent for Buonaparte to aid him in the enterprise. 18. The King of Pruffia has prohibited the exportation of all gold, as well as the entry of Hritifh merchandize into his dominions. nate of Hamburgh having delivered up Napper Tandy, and other perfons, to the English refident in that city, the Executive Directory have ordered Citizen Logan, the Conful general of the French Republic in Lower Saxony, and Citizen Lemaitre their Charge d'Affairs, to quit Hamburg without delay. They were to proceed to Altona, and there wait--they are filled with the proceedtill further orders. Intelligence has been received of the lofs of the Naffau of 64 guns. She was driven by a strong current on a fand-bank, near the Texel land. From the affiftance which was afforded her, there was every reason to hope the whole of the crew would 'be faved; but unfortunately fome of the feamen threw off all regard to difcipline, and became intent only upon plunder, in confequence of which 2 officers and 42 men perished. 5. Letters from Ireland continue to give an unfavorable defcription of the affairs of that unfortunate country. Fresh troubles are breaking out, particularly in the county of Meath, where, almoft nightly, houfes are plundered of arms and other property. 8th. The last accounts from the Continent are very unfavourable to the cause of the Allies. In Switzerland the French continue to be fuccefsful against the Ruffians and Auftrians. Italy feems likely to become the scene of active warfare.-The French have defeated the Auftri ans in various engagements, and great fear is entertained left the French fhould over-run Piedmont. II Letters from Madrid, dated the 10th ult. bring dreadful accounts of an earthquake in South America, on the 17th of June, and which entirely deftroyed the port and city of Acapulco, on the western coaft of Mexico. 21. Yefterday Paris papers to the 18th inft. were received in London ings of the new government, in its inauguration, fuch as the appointment of minifters, their audience of the confulate, and their speeches. The new government purfues, or affects to purfue, a fyftem of moderation--~--~The laws of hostages and the forced loans are repealed: but while free dom is granted on one hand it is denied on the other--the liberty of the prefs, which is the beft criterion of freedom, is totally annihilated, and the late Directors, whom it was pretended the Revolution was levelled at, are permitted to retire to their country houses in quiet, and to enjoy the fruits of the oppreffions they have exercifed upon their country. 23. The French, by the lateft accounts, from Italy, have been very fuccessful; in one place they furprised and captured 4000 Auftrians. They have taken Mondovi and the country between the Stura and Tanaro. Gen. Suwarrow and his troops, it is faid, have retired from the war in difguft. 26: A new foreign' expedition is to take place fhortly, its deltination is the Mediterranean. 27. The plan of the Union with Ireland is now fettled. Four Irith archbishops are to fit permanently in the Imperial Parliament--Cork and Dublin are to fend two members each, and certain cities and counties are to fend one each. The prefent reprefentations of thofe places are to fit with the prefent British parliament, and no new election is to take place until both parliaments diffolve or expire. 16. Information has been received in London from Paris, ftating the government and conftitution of France to be overturned. The Directory is put an end to, in the place of which A letter from Triefte ftates, that three Confuls are appointed to con- Malta was fo clofely and ftrongly duct the affairs of the Republic, the blockaded, that, on the 10th of Octonames of whom are Seyes, Buona-ber, a fowl fold for 20 crowns, and parte, and Ducos. It is generally be- a pound of horfe-flefh for five! THE Univerfalift's Mifcellany For DECEMBER, 1799. A NATURAL HISTORY. (Continued from p. 324.). grown S a proof that water is dilated by cold as well as heat, we have only to observe the ice that floats on the furface of a pond, which it would not do were it not dilated, and more bulky, by freezing, than the water which remains unfro zen. Mr. Boyle, however, put the matter past a doubt, by a variety of experiments. Having poured a proper quantity of water into a strong earthen veffel, he expofed it, uncovered, to the open air, in frofty nights, and obferved, that continually the ice reached higher than the water before it was frozen: he also filled a tube with water, and stopped both ends with wax; the water, when frozen, was found to push out the stopples from both ends, and a rod of ice appeared at each end of the tube, which fhewed how much it was fwollen with the cold within. From hence we may be very certain that cold dilates water; and experience shews the force of this expanfion is as great as any which has been produced by heat. The touch-hole of a ftrong gun-barrel being ftopped, and a plug of iron forcibly driven into the muzzle after the barrel had been filled with water, it was placed in a mixture of ice and falt to be frozen: the plug, though foldered to the barrel, at first gave way; but being fixed in more firmly, within a quarter of an hour the gun-barrel burst with a loud noise, and blew up the cover of the box wherein it lay. Such is its force in an ordinary experiment. But it has been known to burft cannons filled with water, and then left to freeze; for the cold congealing the water, and the ice fwelling, the force became irrefiftible. The bursting of VOL. III. rocks Tt rocks by froft, which is very frequent in the northern climates, and is fometimes feen in our own, is an equal proof of the forcible expanfion of congealed water. For having, by fome means, infinuated itself into the body of the rock, it has remained there till the cold was fufficient to affect it by congelation: but when once frozen, no obftacle is able to confine it from dilating, and, if it cannot otherwife find room, the rock muft burft afunder. This alteration in the bulk of water might have ferved as a proof that it was alfo capable of being compreffed into a narrower space than it occupied before; but, till a few years ago, water was held to be incompreffible. The general opinion was, that no art whatsoever could fqueeze it into a narrower compafs; that no power on earth, for inftance, could prefs a pint of water into a veffel that held an hairs-breadth less than a pint. This was faid upon the credit of the Florentine experiment, where the water, rather than fuffer compreffure, was feen to ooze through the pores of the folid metal; and at length, making a cleft in the fide, fprung out with great vehe mence. But later trials have proved that the conclufion from that experiment was premature, and that water is very compreffible, and partakes of that elafticity which all other bodies do in fome degree poffefs. Ice, which is water in a congealed ftate, is very elaftic. A ftone flung flantingly along the furface of a pond bounds from the water feveral times, which fhews it to be elaftic alfo. But the great Mr. Boyle, and after him Mr. Canton and others, by preffing water with great weights, properly applied, have proved its elafticity beyond dif pute. Our obfervations under this article have hitherto been chiefly applicable to the element of water alone; but its fluidity is a property that it poffeffes in common with feveral fubitances, in other refpects greatly differing from it. That quality which gives rife to the definition of a fluid, namely, that its parts are in continual inteftine motion, feems extremely applicable to water: what the fhapes of thofe parts are, is very difficult to fay. The trials of the philofophers to ascertain this, have hitherto been unfuccefsful; all that they have found is, that the parts are extremely minute; and that they roll over each other with the greatéft eafe. Some, indeed, from this property alone have not hesitated to pronounce them globular; hence, in our hydroftatical books, we have pictures of thofe little globes in a ftate of fliding over each other. But perhaps this is only the work of imagination; for it is known that substances of any |
