other subscribers were served on January 5, 1847. A contract was made in 1851 by the corporation with the municipality for lighting the streets and public buildings, supplemented in 1853 with an agreement to pay $28.50 per lamp per annum of 2,000 hours for 337 lamps. The light was feeble but it was the best of the period.

Frequent rains in the spring of 1852 reduced Broad Street to a mass of mud and water, but this fact did not deter the

leading townsmen from inviting Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot, who arrived in New York, December 5, 1851, to visit the city. When the train on the New Jersey Railroad bearing the city's guest stopped at the Centre Street station on April 21, 1852, copious showers were descending. Brass bands were playing national airs, while the people cheered and the famous brass field piece discharged salutes at minute intervals.

The procession was forming to escort the guest through the

city when a flood of rain poured upon the valiant marchers— but they kept manfully at their task.

Kossuth found a large crowd at the City Hotel on Broad Street, near William Street, where he reviewed the parade. Vehicles of every description were pressed into service, as a coign of vantage for viewing the scene.

Suddenly one of the wagons collapsed. In an instant twenty-five or more men and women were struggling in the mud. They were brought to solid ground none the worse for their experience, excepting their ruined clothing.

Frightened by the commotion, the horse on which Colonel A. C. M. Pennington, grand marshal, was seated, swished his tail, gave a snort, reared on his hind legs, and threw the rider, sash and all, backward into the mire. Pennington, too, was rescued and made a sorry sight, as he beat a hasty retreat. Kossuth was informed that these events were not on the regular program.

While Mayor J. N. Quinby was delivering the address of welcome a trumpeter proclaimed the arrival of "King Mud.” Down Broad Street, drawn by four horses, came a scow, and upon it were seated "his majesty" and several citizens. Wide-spreading waves of mud rolled away from the bow and extended to each side of the roadway. This prank had its good effect in bringing about the paving of the thoroughfare, an improvement much needed.

Dinner was served at the City Hotel, and the Hungarian was formally presented to Newarkers on the morning of April 22, at Washington Hall. Colonel Pennington, none the worse for his mud bath, delivered the address of welcome, and Rev. Ansell D. Eddy, pastor of the Park Presbyterian Church, offered prayer. Young women of Rahway presented the guest with a beautifully decorated basket containing $200 in gold, to be applied to the Hungarian Relief fund.

A banquet was served at the Park House at which Mayor Quinby presided. Governor Pennington, Justice Hornblower, Colonel Pennington, Rev. Dr. Eddy, Cortlandt Parker, Colonel Stevens, Dr. Congar, several Common

Councilmen and other citizens acted as hosts. Thomas Burnet, Newark's leading confectioner, prepared the centrepiece, pyramidal in form, and surmounted with figures labeled "Kossuth and Liberty." Speeches were made and sympathy was expressed for the suffering countrymen of the Hungarian.

The Germans entertained the guest in the evening, the festivities concluding with a torchlight procession and a reception by St. John's Lodge of Masons.

Newark's population in 1852 numbered about 42,000. John H. Stevens was president of the Aqueduct Company, supplying water for domestic and fire purposes. Headquarters of the Essex County Institute were in Newark, and its purposes were "the furthering of agricultural, horticultural, and manufacturing interest of the country." Charles C. Crossley was chief engineer of the fire department consisting of eleven fire engines. There were forty-two churches in the city.

William

Horn

Morgan's

William Morgan was running the Broad Street omnibus line, leaving South Park and going north to the Black Horse Tavern, near the Stone Bridge over Mill Brook at Eighth Avenue. Three trips were made each way, morning and afternoon, the 'bus being drawn by a team of horses. Single fare was six and one-half cents.

Four trains daily made round trips over the track of the Morris and Essex Railroad, which had been in operation seventeen years. Cars were switched at Division Street to Broad Street, running to Centre Street, and there connecting with the New Jersey Railroad for New York. The steamer Passaic made regular trips from Newark to New York. Captain John Gaffey was the skipper. The round trip cost 25 cents.

The Camptown stage and the Elizabeth stage made trips from the southwesterly and southerly sections, while the

Orange stage, driven by Erastus Pierson, famed for his ability to drive his team with one hand, accommodated passengers along the Orange Street route. One day Mr. Pierson read the passage in the Bible, "If thy right hand offend thee cut it off." He presumed this to be a literal injunction. Proceeding to the chopping block, in a moment of remorse for his sin, he severed his right hand. The Bloomfield stage was owned by N. R. Dodd & Company, while Stephen Bond had charge of the Caldwell line, Hugh & Hay of the one running to Belleville, and J. P. Doremus the stage to Parsippany by way of Paterson.

About 500 buildings were erected in Newark, including five church edifices, in 1851-1852. The peace of the town was guarded by twelve constables, three elected in each of the four wards. Summer vacations were unknown. Donation visits to the pastors of the churches were fashionable and church-going popular.

MA

CHAPTER XLVI

A PERIOD OF HARDSHIP

ANUFACTURING and business interests, the churches, societies and all organizations of the city were thriving in 1850, and primitive customs had not wholly disappeared from the homes. Wood fires were kindled on the fireplace; hot-air furnaces were about to replace the iron stoves for heating the churches in winter; men wore heavy boots, winter and summer, and boot-jacks, V-shaped wooden boards, in which the heel was placed, were required to remove them; night air was considered unwholesome and windows of homes were tightly closed in cold weather; the sewing machine was a novelty, and training day, usually in early June, brought the soldiers and nearly all the population to the Common, where the maneuvers shared popularity with tables upon which were heaped ginger bolivars (about four times the size of a ginger snap) and other articles of food.

In 1854 the Asiatic cholera germ found its way across the ocean and into the city. Several local families had a previous experience with the dread disease in 1832, when, appearing in June, it spread over the country.

Among the victims of the cholera's second appearance was Alderman Eleazer M. Dodd, chairman of the Health Committee, who died on the last day of July, at the age of thirtynine years, after a few hours' illness. He was born in Orange, a college graduate, a writer of prose and poetry and skilled in music. Said the Newark Mercury:

His last hours were serene, his mind calm and clear, meeting death firmly and with confidence, reposing his trust in Providence and seemed particularly desirous that the young men of Newark should withhold from folly and wrong.