the populace, he is to be understood of the time when, after the Queen's death, he became a settled resident. The Archbishop of Dublin gave him at first some disturbance 64 in the exercise of his jurisdiction; but it was soon discovered, that between prudence and integrity he was seldom in the wrong; and that, when he was right, his spirit did not easily yield to opposition 2. Having so lately quitted the tumults of a party and the 65 intrigues of a court, they still kept his thoughts in agitation, as the sea fluctuates a while when the storm has ceased. He therefore filled his hours with some historical attempts, relating to 'the Change of the Ministers' and 'the Conduct of the Ministry".' He likewise is said to have written a History of the Four last Years of Queen Anne, which he began in her lifetime, and afterwards laboured with great attention, but never published. It was after his death in the hands of Lord Orrery and Dr. King". A book under that title was published, with Swift's ''The common people were taught to look upon him as a Jacobite; and they threw stones and dirt at him as he passed through the streets.' Orrery, p. 48. For some years after the Queen's death his politics were despised and his person was detested.' Deane Swift, p. 29. 2 Delany, p. 88. Swift wrote on June 28, 1715:-'My amusements are defending my small dominions against the archbishop [King], and endeavouring to reduce my rebellious choir,' Works, xvi. 226. He thus described his 'dominions' on July 8, 1733:-'I am lord mayor of 120 houses; I am absolute lord of the greatest cathedral in the kingdom; am at peace with the neighbouring princes, the Lord Mayor of the City, and the Archbishop of Dublin; only the latter, like the King of France, sometimes attempts encroachments on my dominions, as old Lewis did upon Lorraine.' Ib. xviii. 123. See also ib. xvi. 244, 263, xvii. 105, 112, 117. 'The Archbishop,' he said, 'was a wit and a scholar, but I hate him as I hate garlick.' Craik, p. 125. In the Drapier Letters he describes him as 'renowned fc. his piety and 5 Dr. King was 'Dr. King of Oxford.' Ante, DRYDEN, 187. Swift in 1737 said he wrote it at Windsor, 'above a year before the Queen's death.' Works, xix. 72, 90. He was there a good deal in July, Aug. and Sept. 1712-about two years before her death. Ib. iii. 39, 43, 45, 50. Bolingbroke and Oxford, he said, 'could not agree about printing it.' Ib. xix. 73. See also ib. v. 13. In Jan. 1720-21 he was 'digesting these papers into order.' Ib. xvi. 338. See also ib. v. 17. According to Warburton, he took it to England' some years after' it was written-in 1726 or 1727; but Bolingbroke dissuaded him from publishing it. 'Swift told a common friend that since L. B. did not approve his History, he would cast it into the fire, though it was the best work he had ever written.' Warburton's Pope, ix. 12. The second Earl of Oxford read it at that time. Works, xix. 88. In 1736 Dr. King undertook to get it printed; but in 1738 pointed out that it might 'in 66 name, by Dr. Lucas'; of which I can only say that it seemed by no means to correspond with the notions that I had formed of it, from a conversation which I once heard between the Earl of Orrery and old Mr. Lewis2. Swift now, much against his will, commenced Irishman for life, and was to contrive how he might be best accommodated in a country where he considered himself as in a state of exile 3. It seems that his first recourse was to piety. The thoughts of volve every one concerned in a certain ruin.' Works, xix. 10, 20, 134. Erasmus Lewis gave the same warning. 1b. p. 131. Orrery read it in MS. Remarks, p. 308. In 1740 Mrs. Whiteway wrote of it to Pope: 'If I am rightly informed, it is the only piece of his, except Gulliver, which he ever proposed making money by.' Works, xix. 230. In 1749 Lucas fled from an Irish prison, to which he was committed by the House of Commons for seditious writings. In 1756 Johnson defended him as 'the friend of his country.' Boswell's Johnson, i. 311. Lucas prefixed to the first edition of the book (1758) an 'Advertisement' beginning:-Thus the long-wished-for History, &c., is at length brought to light, in spite of all attempts to suppress it.' Swift's Works, v. 3. 2 For Lewis (not Erasmus Lewis) see ante, FENTON, 4n. Johnson in The Idler, No. 65, says 'this History had perished, had not a straggling transcript fallen into busy hands.' Chesterfield describes it as 'a party pamphlet founded on the lie of the day, which, as Lord Bolingbroke, who had read it, often assured me, was coined and delivered out to him to write Examiners and other political papers upon.' Misc. Works, iv. 276. One of these 'lies' thus incorporated was that, on Prince Eugene's suggestion that Harley'should be taken off à la négligence, a crew of obscure ruffians were accordingly employed.' Works, v. 51. Can one wonder that Lord Bolingbroke and Pope always tried to prevent Swift from exposing himself by publishing this wretched ignorant libel!' HORACE WALPOLE, Works, i. 430. 'Burke,' writes Mr. E. J. Payne, 'had remarked the peculiarities of the style, though he never thought of pronouncing it a forgery.' Burke's Select Works, i. Intro. p. 43. [The reference is to The Annual Register, 1758, p. 256, where extracts from the History are given, with remarks evidently, as Mr. Payne says (Select Works, i. 277), by Burke.] Macaulay, in a MS. marginal note, has described it as 'wretched stuff, and I firmly believe not Swift's.' Craik, p. 523. See ib. p. 518, for a convincing argument of its authenticity. The characters of Somers, Marlborough, Godolphin, Sunderland, Wharton, Cowper, Nottingham, and Harley (Works, v. 23-32, 109112) are surely in Swift's inimitable style. The History itself, party pamphlet as it was, dealing also with the negotiations of a Peace, must soon have become unreadable. It ends moreover fifteen months before the Queen's death, so that it tells nothing of the struggle between Bolingbroke and Oxford. 3 Ante, SWIFT, 2; post, 96, 136. In 1731 he wrote of himself:'In exile, with a steady heart, He spent his life's declining part.' Works, xiv. 334. In 1735 he spoke of himself as an obscure exile in a most obscure and enslaved country.' Ib. xviii. 308. ‘I am condemned for ever to another country,' he wrote in 1723. Ib. xvi. 389. Pope (Dunciad, i. 25) and Gay (Pope' Works (Elwin and Courthope), v. 175) described him as being in Boeotia. * I know nothing in his letters that shows this except his statement on Sept. 14, 1714, that he goes 'every day once to prayers.' Works, xvi. 213. death rushed upon him at this time with such incessant importunity, that they took possession of his mind when he first waked for many years together 1. He opened his house by a publick table two days a week 2, 67 and found his entertainments gradually frequented by more and more visitants of learning among the men, and of elegance among the women. Mrs. Johnson had left the country, and lived in lodgings not far from the deanery. On his publick days she regulated the table, but appeared at it as a mere guest, like other ladies 3. On other days he often dined, at a stated price, with Mr. 68 Worral, a clergyman of his cathedral, whose house was recommended by the peculiar neatness and pleasantry of his wife*. To this frugal mode of living he was first disposed by care to pay some debts which he had contracted 5, and he continued it for the pleasure of accumulating money. His avarice, however, was not suffered to obstruct the claims of his dignity; he was served in plate, and used to say that he was the poorest gentleman in Ireland that eat upon plate, and the richest that lived without a coach". Swift wrote to Bolingbroke in 1729:-'I was forty-seven years old when I began to think of death; and the reflections upon it now begin when I wake in the morning, and end when I am going to sleep.' Works, xvii. 260. He was forty-seven four months after the Queen's death. He wrote to Pope in 1733:-'As to mortality it has never been out of my head eighteen minutes these eighteen years.' Pope's Works (Elwin and Courthope), vii. 300. The Queen had been dead eighteen years. See also Works, xvii. 234, xviii. 107. 'The whole of life,' said Johnson, 'is but keeping away the thoughts of death.' Boswell's Johnson, ii. had a bishopric in prospect, says :— 4 [Worrall was a minor canon of St. Patrick's, dean's vicar and master of song in both cathedrals. Swift called him Melchisedec because he was a foundling. The Dean and he were nearly of the same standing at the University. Worrall had, however, one special qualification for intimacy with Swift-he was a good walker. After walking from church they would dine either at Swift's house or at Worrall's as Johnson describes. Delany, p. 91. Deane Swift (p. 294) says that Swift 'never had any esteem for the husband or the wife.' See also Mason's Hist. of the Cathedral of St. Patrick, p. 294 n.] 5 Ante, SWIFT, 54 n. A list of his plate, with the value of each article, is given in his Works, 69 How he spent the rest of his time, and how he employed his hours of study, has been enquired with hopeless curiosity. For who can give an account of another's studies? Swift was not likely to admit any to his privacies, or to impart a minute account of his business or his leisure'. 70 Soon after (1716), in his forty-ninth year, he was privately married to Mrs. Johnson by Dr. Ashe, Bishop of Clogher, as Dr. Madden3 told me, in the garden. The marriage made no change in their mode of life; they lived in different houses, as before 5: nor did she ever lodge in the deanery but when Swift was seized with a fit of giddiness. 'It would be difficult,' says Lord Orrery, 'to prove that they were ever afterwards together without a third person'.' 71 The Dean of St. Patrick's lived in a private manner, known and regarded only by his friends 8, till, about the year 1720, he, by a pamphlet, recommended to the Irish the use, and consequently the improvement, of their manufacture. For a man to xix. 223. The total value was over £360. He had 24 plates, but only 6 teaspoons. On a save-all he had had engraved, 'For Ireland.' For his providing 'tridents'-three-pronged forks for £30, see ib. xvii. 301. 'The ill-management of forks,' he wrote, 'is not to be helped when they are only bidental, which happens in all poor houses, especially those of poets, upon which account a knife was absolutely necessary at Mr. Pope's.' There are no forks in the list. For his setting up a coach on the news coming of Walpole's fall see ib. i. 397 n. Delany (p. 101) gives some account of his studies. For his regularity in all his actions see post, SWIFT, 133 n. Ante, PARNELL, 4. He had been Swift's tutor at Trinity College. Forster, p. 28. On Jan. 15, 1710-11, Swift got Harley to promise that 'the Bishop shall not be removed from the Council. I know he has enemies, and they shall not be gratified.' Works, ii. 147. ante, ADDISON, 134. * See Appendix D. 5 She never came to his house but upon very particular invitation.' Delany, p. 129. Deane Swift, p. 92. It seems that she sometimes lodged there when he was in England. He wrote from London on July 7, 1726:-'I find the ladies made the Deanery their villa.' Works, xix. 283. 7 'It would be difficult, if not impossible, to prove they had ever been together without some third person.' Orrery, p. 25. See ante, SWIFT, 24. 84 'July 18, 1717. I am in a hopeful situation, torn to pieces by pamphleteers and libellers on that side the water, and by the whole body of the ruling party on this; against which all the obscurity I live in will not defend me.' Works, xvi. 287. See also Letters to Chetwode, p. 72. 9 A Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufactures. Utterly rejecting and renouncing everything wearable that comes from England. 1720. Works, vi. 252. Swift quotes a pleasant observation that Ireland would never be happy till a law were made for burning use the productions of his own labour is surely a natural right, and to like best what he makes himself is a natural passion. But to excite this passion, and enforce this right, appeared so criminal to those who had an interest in the English trade, that the printer was imprisoned1; and, as Hawkesworth justly observes, the attention of the publick being by this outrageous resentment turned upon the proposal, the author was by consequence made popular 2. In 1723 died Mrs. Van Homrigh3, a woman made unhappy 72 by her admiration of wit, and ignominiously distinguished by the name of Vanessa, whose conduct has been already sufficiently discussed, and whose history is too well known to be minutely repeated. She was a young woman fond of literature, whom Decanus, the Dean, called Cadenus by transposition of the letters, took pleasure in directing and instructing; till, from being proud of his praise, she grew fond of his person 5. Swift was then about forty-seven, at an age when vanity is strongly excited by the amorous attention of a young woman. If it be said that everything that came from England, except their people and their coals.' Works, vi. p. 257. He described his pamphlet as 'a weak, hasty scribble.' Hanmer Corres. p. 191. ''The printer,' wrote Swift, 'was seized, and forced to give great bail.' Works, xvi. 339. For the trial see post, SWIFT, 77. The Dublin Newgate was a dreadful den. Exemption from the felons' room was got by daily fees. Those who refused to pay were stripped of their clothes by the common executioner, beaten, and in some instances chained. Many died from want.' The Keeper's salary was £10 a year. A parliamentary document shows that in 1729 he made £1,163 by his place. He was dismissed. 1. T. Gilbert's Hist. of Dublin, i. 268. her sister, as well as her mother, had predeceased her. One of her brothers had left his share to a Mr. Partinton, provided he took the name of Vanhomrigh, a condition he complied with.' F. ELRINGTON BALL, Journal of the Cork Hist. Soc., 2 S. iii. 264. Vanessa had 'Five thousand guineas in her purse.' Cadenus and Vanessa, Works, xiv. 447. Orrery, p. 102; Delany, p. 1II. Aim'd at the head, but reach'd the • The first mention of her by Swift is in his Journal to Stella, Feb. 2, 1710-11, when he was forty-three. Works, ii. 161. He became acquainted with the family two or three years earlier. Forster, pp. 230, 269. Cadenus and Vanessa, if we can trust the title-page, was 'written at Windsor in 1713. On April 19, 1726, he wrote it was written at Windsor near 14 years ago, and dated.' Letters to Chetwode, p. 189. On July 7 of the same year he wrote:-'It was |