A person in whom this combination exists, and in whom Concentrativeness is large, will feel strongly the desire of communicating the quality of continuity to his narrative, and on important occasions he will produce it by laboriously writing down all the elementary ideas of his subject, by transposing them, by filling up, and striking out parts, until the whole shall cohere with neatness and consistency. Such a combination will fit its possessor for studying physical more successfully than moral science; because action is the primary element of the latter.

If Concentrativeness and Eventuality be both deficient, the literary or philosophical productions of the individual will be marked by omissions of important intermediate ideas; in oral discourses he will combine description with inference, without taking sufficient notice of modes of action; he will often wander from his subject; and, in short, he will display great knowledge of objects which exist, together with profound reflection on their relations, and yet be unsuccessful in conveying to the minds of his readers or auditors philosophical convictions, similar to those which exist in his own mind; and this will be owing chiefly to deficiency in the power of representing by Eventuality modes of action, and of giving, by Concentrativeness, continuity to the thread of his dis

courses.

Individuality, Eventuality, and Concentrativeness, are indispensable qualities to a successful teacher. I have never seen a person capable of interesting children and exciting their intellects, who was deficient in both the first and second. His manner of communicating knowledge is then vague, abstract and dry, altogether unsuited to their mental condition. These three organs large, combined with large Philoprogenitiveness, Benevolence, and Conscientiousness, and an active temperament, constitute the leading elements of a good teacher.

When both Individuality and Eventuality are large, the individual possesses two important qualities for general business. They confer that readiness of observation and talent for detail, which are essential to the management of affairs. The lawyer so endowed is enabled readily to apprehend the details of his cases,

easily to recollect the principles of law, the dicta of legal authors, and the decisions of courts, as matters of fact; and to reproduce the whole in a connected narrative before a judge or jury. His power of applying principles to new cases, depends on the reflecting faculties; but although these be powerful, yet, if Individuality and Eventuality be deficient, he may feel great difficulty in preparation, and in the reproduction of his ideas. In point of fact, the most eminent practical lawyers, particularly in England, are distinguished by a great developement of these organs; which are equally necessary to the public speaker, to give him a command over the materiel or details of his subject, and to enable him to set it forth clearly and naturally to his audience. I have observed them large also in practical physicians; for, in the profession of medicine, prompt and accurate observation is one important element in excellence.

Both organs are large in authors who acutely observe objects that exist, and also life, manners, and occurrences, such as Le Sage, De Foe, and the Author of Waverley. They are essential to the composition of such works as Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver's Travels, in which a strong impression of reality is produced by a minute description of particular objects and actions. In a mask preserved in Dublin, and said to be that of Swift, the organs appear very large.

When both organs are small, the individual will retain only general ideas, and will experience great difficulty in becoming learned; he may see, hear or read many facts, but they will make only a faint impression, and soon escape from his mind; he will feel great difficulty in commanding, without previous preparation, even the knowledge which he possesses.

These faculties desire only to know existence and facts, and do not reason or trace relations. Hence a person in whom they are strong, and in whom the reasoning powers are deficient, gains his knowledge by questioning and observation. If we tell him two facts, which clearly imply a third, he will not naturally endeavor to find it out by his own suggestion, but will instantly put another question. Hence, also, the tendency of these faculties is to

recollect facts, according as they occur, and not according to any philosophical relations between them. Mrs. Quickly's speech to Falstaff is a beautiful illustration of this kind of understanding. She is reminding him of his promise of marriage, and says, "Thou didst swear to me on a parcel-gilt goblet, sitting in my dolphin-chamber, at the round-table, by a sea-coal fire, on Wednesday in Whitsun-week, when the Prince broke thy head for likening his father to a singing man of Windsor; thou didst swear to me then, as I was washing thy wound, to marry me, and make me my lady thy wife. Canst thou deny it? Did not goodwife Keech, the butcher's wife, come in then, and call me Gossip Quickly? coming in to borrow a mess of vinegar; telling us, she had a good dish of prawns; whereby thou didst desire to eat some; whereby I told thee, they were ill for a green wound; and didst not thou, when she was gone down stairs, desire me to be no more so familiarity with such poor people, saying, that ere-long, they should call me Madam? And didst thou not kiss me, and bid me fetch thee thirty shillings? I put thee now to thy book-oath; deny it if thou canst. Here is a surprising variety of trivial circumstances, connected by no link but that of the order of their occurrence. Yet every one must perceive, that they have an effect in producing the impression of reality on the mind. We feel it impossible to doubt the promise, which is substantiated by so particular a detail of facts, every one of which, indeed, becomes, as it were, a witness to its truth.

Dr. Spurzheim, in treating of Eventuality, says, "This faculty recognises the activity of every other, whether external or internal, and acts in its turn upon all of them. It desires to know every thing by experience, and consequently excites all the other organs to activity; it would hear, see, smell, taste, and touch; is fond of general instruction, and inclines to the pursuit of practical knowledge. It is essential to editors, secretaries, historians and teachers. By knowing the functions of the other powers, this faculty contributes essentially to the unity of Consciousness. It seems to perceive the impressions, which are the immediate functions of the external

* Second Part of King Henry IV. Act ii. scene 2.

senses, and to change these into notions or ideas. Moreover, it appears to be essential to attention in general, and to the recognition of the entity myself in philosophy. Its sphere of activity is very great, and every philosophic system has taken account of some of its operations."*

Dr. Gall regarded the part of the brain here named Eventuality, as the organ of "the sense" of things in man, and of educability or perfectibility, in the lower animals. While he admits that every faculty is susceptible of improvement by education, he forms a scale of the heads of animals, from the crocodile and frog up to man, with the view of proving, that the more this part of the brain is developed in each species, the higher are its natural susceptibilities of being tamed and taught. Camper and Lavater, he adds, had made similar observations; but they did not distinguish special faculties and organs. Dr. Spurzheim acknowledges the correctness of the facts stated by Dr. Gall, that tame animals have fuller foreheads than wild ones, and that animals are generally tameable, in proportion to the developement of their foreheads; but conceives, that Dr. Gall attributes to a single faculty, manifestations which depend on intellect generally. Eventuality does not fill the whole forehead; and the other organs, situated there, also contribute to the effects observed by Dr. Gall. The observation of the latter, therefore, is deficient in precision, rather than in truth. Dr. Gall regarded the organ of Benevolence, in the lower animals, as the source of gentleness of disposition, and described it as situated in them in the middle of the upper part of the forehead. The organ of Educability, which is distinct, he says, is situated in the middle of the lower part of the forehead.

The older metaphysicians do not treat of any faculty distinctly analogous to Eventuality; but Dr. Thomas Brown,† whose acuteness I have so often praised, admits a power of the mind under the name of " Simple Suggestion," which corresponds very closely with it; and he reduces Conception and Memory of the metaphysicians to this principle of Simple Suggestion. The organ is established.

31.-TIME.

THE power of conceiving Time, and of remembering circumstances connected by no link, but the relation in which they stand to each other in chronology, and also the power of observing time in performing music, is very different in different individuals. Many observations have been made on this organ; and it is now ascertained. The special faculty seems to be the power of judging of time, and of intervals in general. By giving the perception of measured cadence, it appears to be one source of pleasure in dancing. It is essential to music and versification.

Mr. Simpson, in an excellent essay on this faculty, published in the Phrenological Journal, states, that "We have found the organ largely developed in those who show an intuitive knowledge of the lapse of minutes and hours, so as to name the time of the day, without having recourse to the clock; and also in those who perceive those minuter divisions, and their harmonious relations, which constitute rhythm, and who, when they apply the tact to music, are called good timists,-a distinct power from that of the mere melodist, and often wanting in him; while it is matter of the commonest observation, on the other hand, that this sensibility to rhythm, called Time, is marked in those who have a very moderate perception of melody. Such persons are invariably accurate dancers, observing delicately the time, though indifferent to the melody of the violin. We have made many observations, both in persons who have both Time and Tune large, and in those who have only one of them in large endowment, and we have never found the manifestations fail. Very lately we were struck with the uncommon prominence of the organ of Time in a whole family of young people, and inquired whether or not they danced with accuracy, and loved dancing? We were answered, that they did both in a remarkable degree; and, as we lived near them for some weeks, we observed that dancing was a constant and favorite pastime of theirs, even out of doors. Their dancing-master * Vol. ii. p. 134.