on each side, and the frontal bone presents a receding surface at the organ of Benevolence, where the skulls of individuals remarkable for benevolence generally rise into an elevation of half an inch or more. A cast of Bellingham's skull may be inspected in the Phrenological Society's Collection. The organ of Destructiveness is also largely developed in the skull of Gordon, who accompanied a poor half-fatuous pedlar boy, and, in the middle of a muir, beat out his brains with the heel of his clog, and robbed him of his pack, not worth twenty shillings. The skull itself is in the Society's Collection, and the bones protrude nearly half an inch on each side at the region in question. It is large in Charles Rotherham, who pulled a stake from a hedge and beat out the brains of a poor woman on the highway, and robbed her of some very trifling articles. It is large also in the skulls of Hussey, Nisbet, and Lockey, who were executed for murder. It is very large, with deficient moral organs, in Burke and Hare, who murdered sixteen human beings, for the sake of the price of their dead bodies as subjects for dissection. See page 80. It, and the organ of Acquisitiveness, appear to have been very largely developed in the head of Heaman, executed at Edinburgh, for piracy and murder; also in the head of Robert Dean, executed for murdering a child without any rational motive; and in the head of Mitchell, executed for murdering a young woman whom he had seduced. In the heads of David Haggart and Mary Macinnes, executed at Edinburgh, and of Booth, a poacher, executed at York, all for murders committed on the impulse of the moment, it appears considerably developed; while in them Combativeness is also very large. The organ is moderately developed in the Esquimaux and they are strangers to cruelty and ferocity. It is very large in the Papuan Islanders and they are prone to murder.

The Society possesses casts of the skulls of five Charibs, who are well known to be a ferocious tribe, and in all of them the organ of Destructiveness is decidedly large. On the other hand, Dr. George Murray Patterson, surgeon in the Honorable East India Company's service, mentions, as the result of three thousand actual examinations, that the organ is small in the heads of Hin

doos in general, who are known to be extremely tender in regard to animal life. In the skulls of fourteen Hindoos, twelve of which were presented to the Society by this gentleman, and two by Dr. J. S. Combe of Leith, the developement of the organ will be found to be decidedly less than in the skulls of Europeans in general. The figures represent the skulls of Bellingham and a Hindoo.

When excited by intoxication, the organ sometimes becomes ungovernable; and hence arises the destruction of glasses, mirrors, chairs, and every frangible object at the close of many a feast. Hence also the temptation, often almost irresistible, experienced by many a worthy citizen, when inebriated, to smash a lamp in his progress home. One gentleman assured me that the lamps have appeared to him, when in this state, as it were twinkling on his path with a wicked and scornful gleam, and that he has frequently lifted his stick to punish their impertinence, when a remnant of reason restrained the meditated blow. In him Destructiveness is decidedly large, but, when sober, there is not a more excellent person.

The organ is also liable to excitement by disease, and then the propensity is manifested with irresistible vehemence. The author of Sketches in Bedlam, describes the case of Pat. Walsh, a ferocious maniac, who has been deranged altogether about twelve years, and has, it is said, uniformly evinced a character of desperation, vengeance, and sanguinary cruelties, scarcely conceivable even in madness. Notwithstanding every precaution that was taken, he has killed three persons since his confinement. "His propensity to mischief, malice, and personal abuse, is as incessant as his taste for bloodshed and slaughter. He has contrived,

notwithstanding his restriction of hands and feet, to break about seventy panes of glass within the last two years, in the dining-room windows, although guarded on the inside by a strong iron wire lattice-work. This amusement he contrived to effect by standing on a form placed at some distance from the windows, and, taking the bowl of his wooden spoon in his mouth, he poked the handle through the meshes of the wire-work, and thus broke the pane. As this man is said to be confined in an iron cincture that surrounds his waist, with strong hand-cuffs attached to it, I infer that he is the same whose head I examined in Bedlam in 1824, and in whom the organs of Combativeness and Destructiveness were inordinately large.

When this organ and Combativeness are very large, combined with great deficiency in the moral and intellectual organs, there is an innate disposition to mischief and violence which renders the individual dangerous to society. In visiting the Richmond Lunatic Asylum in Dublin, in 1829, a man was presented to me by Dr. Crawford, substitute physician, and I wrote down the following Iemarks:

The patient was withdrawn, and Mr. Combe added: This is the worst head I ever saw. The combination is worse than Hare's.-Combativeness and Destructiveness are fearfully large, and the moral organs altogether very deficient: Benevolence is the best developed of them, but it is miserably small compared with the organs of Combativeness and Destructiveness. I am surprised that that man was not executed before he became insane.

Dr. Crawford had previously written down, and then exhibited, the following observations:

Dr. Crawford's Remarks.

Patient E. S., aged 34. Ten years since first admission.

Total want of moral feeling and principle, great depravity of character, leading to the indulgence of every vice, and to the commission even of crime. Considerable intelligence, ingenuity, and plausibility; a scourge to his family from childhood; turned out of the army as an incorrigible villain: attempted the life of a soldier; repeatedly flogged; has since attempted to poison his father.

In preparing a report of this and other cases for the Phrenological Journal, I sent the proof sheet to Dr. Crawford for revisal, which he returned along with a letter to the following effect: "I have a few remarks to make on the lunatic, lettered E. S. You observe in your own notes, 'I am surprised he was not executed before he became insane.' This would lead to the supposition, that he had been afflicted with some form of insanity in addition to a naturally depraved character. Such, however, is by no means the case; he never was different from what he now is; he has never evinced the slightest mental incoherence on any one point, nor any kind of hallucination. It is one of those cases where there is great difficulty in drawing the line between extreme moral depravity and insanity, and in deciding at what point an individual should cease to be considered as a responsible moral agent, and amenable to the laws. The governors and medical gentlemen of the Asylum have often had doubts whether they were justified in keeping E. S. as a lunatic, thinking him a more fit subject for a bridewell. He appears, however, so totally callous with regard to every moral principle and feeling-so thoroughly unconscious of ever having done any thing wrong-so completely destitute of all sense of shame or remorse when reproved for his vices or crimes— and has proved himself so utterly incorrigible throughout life, that it is almost certain that any jury before whom he might be brought would satisfy their doubts by returning him insane, which in such a case is the most humane line to pursue. He was dismissed

several times from the Asylum, and sent there the last time for attempting to poison his father, and it seems fit he should be kept there for life as a moral lunatic; but there has never been the least symptom of diseased action of the brain, which is the general concomitant of what is usually understood as insanity. This I consider might with propriety be made the foundation for a division of lunatics into two great classes; those who were insane from original constitution, and never were otherwise, and those who had been insane at some period of life from diseased action of the brain, either permanent or intermittent.-There would be room for a few additional notes to the case of E. S., explanatory of what I have said, if you think fit."-Dublin, 20th July, 1829.

Dr. Gall cites a variety of cases of diseased manifestations of this propensity, which had fallen under his own observation, and quotes several others highly illustrative from Pinel. I select one of these, in which the organ of Destructiveness seems to have been affected singly, the other organs remaining entire. The patient, during periodical fits of insanity, was seized with an "uncontrollable fury, which inspired him with an irresistible propensity to seize an instrument or offensive weapon, to knock on the head the first person who presented himself to his view. He experienced a sort of internal combat between this ferocious impulse to destroy, and the profound horror which rose in his mind, at the very idea of such a crime. There was no mark of wandering of memory, imagination, or judgment. He avowed to me, during his strict seclusion, that his propensity to commit a murder was absolutely forced and involuntary, that his wife whom he tenderly loved, had nearly become his victim, he having scarcely had time to bid her flee to avoid his fury. All his lucid intervals were marked by melancholy reflections and expression of remorse; and so great did his disgust of life become, that he had several times attempted, by an act of suicide" (this is common in the excess of Destructiveness) "to bring it to a close. What reason have I," said he, "to cut the throat of the superintendent of the hospital, who treats us with so much kindness and yet in my moments of fury I am tempted to rush upon him, as well as others, and plunge a dagger in his bosom.