systematic form. When Comparison and Causality are large in combination with large Concentrativeness, there is a tendency to systematize knowledge: when the latter is deficient this is not felt; and I regard one element in a systematic mind to be the power of giving continuousness to feelings and ideas, thereby enabling the intellect to contemplate the relations subsisting among them.

According to this account of the faculty, an individual may have great liking for a particular pursuit, Botany, for example, or Phrenology, if he possess the combination of faculties which takes pleasure in it; and he may pursue it with ardor, and nevertheless be deficient in Concentrativeness. I know such persons, but all of them make efforts, collect knowledge, or communicate ideas, without taking a comprehensive and concentrated view of the objects and relations about which they treat. Dr. Spurzheim, however, objects to my ideas, and states, that his experience is in contradiction to them. Facts alone must determine between us. At the same time, there appears to be nothing in the notions of Dr. Spurzheim concerning Inhabitiveness, inconsistent with the more extensive views now taken of the functions of this faculty.

It has been objected by him, that "Concentrativeness cannot possibly be a primitive faculty, since it can neither act alone, nor appear diseased singly; and since its very existence only becomes apparent by the presence of other powers directed to one object. There are various faculties which cannot act alone: thus, Firmness presupposes the activity of other powers, we persevere in passion, in love, in hate, ambition, or in study; but cannot well persevere in mere abstract perseverance: Cautiousness causes us to fear; but we always fear something, which depends on other faculties, and rarely experience abstract fear itself. Concentrativeness, therefore, is not singular in not acting alone.

As to disease of Concentrativeness, this organ appears to suffer in those lunatics whose attention is immovably fixed on some internal impression, and who remain absorbed in silent and profound meditation, insensible alike to the threats and caresses of those around them, and to the effects of external objects. They

differ from ordinary monomaniacs in this, that the latter, with certain unsound feelings or intellectual perceptions, or with unsound associations on the presentment of certain external objects, can still direct their attention to other feelings or ideas, and concerning them can hold rational conversation. The state now attributed to diseased Concentrativeness, must be distinguished also from one for which it has been sometimes mistaken, viz. dementia, approaching to idiocy, in which a fixed look and silent calmness appear, not from internal meditation, but from utter insensibility to stimuli. In disease of Concentrativeness, the patient possesses intense consciousness, and, when cured, is able to give an account of all that passed in his mind during the malady; in dementia, the period of the disease forms a blank in existence, the individual recollecting nothing. Dr. A. Combe, to whom I owe these observations, states, that he has heard Esquirol, in his lectures at the Salpetrière, speak of cases such as those now described; and he has seen examples which proved the accuracy of his account of them, although, owing to the function not having been discovered at the time, he did not observe the condition of this particular organ. I am acquainted with a gentleman in whom the organ is large, and who, while laboring under a nervous affection, in which Cautiousness and Conscientiousness were diseased, experienced a feeling as if the power of concentrating his mind were about to leave him, and who used vigorous efforts to preserve it. He directed his attention to an object, frequently a spire at the end of a long street, and resolutely maintained it immovably fixed there for a considerable length of time, excluding all other ideas from his mind. The consequence was, that in his then weak state, a diseased fixity of mind ensued, in which feelings and ideas stood as it were bound up and immovable, and thereafter a state in which every impression and emotion was floating and fickle like images in water. He was then unacquainted with Phrenology, but knows it now, and expresses his conviction that the circumstances detailed were probably referable to a diseased affection of the organ in question.

Dr. Spurzheim objects farther, that "no one, in concentrating his mind, and directing his powers to one object, exhibits gestures

and motions indicating activity in the back part of the head; the whole of the natural language shows, that concentration takes place in the forehead." With the greatest deference to Dr. Spurzheim's superior skill and accuracy, I take the liberty of stating, that, so far as my own observation goes, those persons who really possess the power of concentration, while preparing to make a powerful and combined exertion of all their powers, naturally draw the head and body backwards in the line of this organ. The author of Waverley describes this as the attitude of concentrated internal thinking. Preachers and advocates in whom it is large, while speaking with animation, move the head in the line of Concentrativeness and Individuality, or straight backwards and straight forwards. When Combativeness predominates over Concentrativeness in a pleader, he draws his head backwards and to the side, in the line of Combativeness, and advances it in a corresponding direction.

"This organ," continues Dr. Spurzheim, "is also commonly larger in women than in men, and I leave every one to decide upon the sex which supports the more close and vigorous attention." In Scotland, and I may almost say in England, although my observations there have been less extensive, this is not the case; the developement being larger in men in general than in women. "It is moreover," says he, "larger in Negroes and in the Celtic tribes than in the Teutonic races; in the French, for instance, it is larger than in the Germans. The national character of these nations not only does not confirm the opinion of Mr. Combe, but is in direct contradiction to it." From this and some other objections of Dr. Spurzheim, which I pass over without comment, I am convinced that he has not correctly apprehended the quality of mind which I designate by Concentrativeness. This must, no doubt, be my fault; but it affords a good reason for not prolonging disputation. So far as my knowledge of French literature extends, it is not marked by deficiency of Concentrativeness. The intellectual range of the French is limited, but no nation attains to greater perfection within the sphere which their faculties are calculated to reach they write the best elementary

works on science of any people of Europe; and to this Concentrativeness is essential. They bring their powers to bear in a regulated manner on the point under consideration, and present it clearly and definitely to the understanding. The Germans have more powerful reflecting faculties than the French, and also greater perseverance; but, if I may judge from the limited knowledge of their literature which I have been able to obtain, they appear inferior to them in Concentrativeness. They introduce more frequently extraneous ideas and feelings, and do not present so neat and complete a whole in their compositions.

In regard to the tendency to "Inhabitiveness," I conceive that concentration of mind is favorable to this tendency, and that men and animals, whose faculties are more concentrated, have the greatest inclination to remain in one place; besides, animals which browse on rocks, and which place their nests in high and difficult situations, or by the banks of rapid rivers, would require for their well-being and comfort just such a faculty as this, which should enable them to maintain their position with ease, and at the same time to provide for their food and safety. The eagle, which loves to soar aloft, requires certain faculties to be exerted to maintain his equilibrium, while at the same time his eye darts at once over a great expanse "through the azure deep of air," to discern his prey on the surface of the earth. There are farther required a concentration and simultaneous action of numerous faculties in the stoop which he makes upon the prey itself, and in pouncing at once upon the bird or lamb which he has selected for his victim. Something of the same kind is required in the water-fowl, whose cradle is the deep, in diving for his food through the waters. The co-operation of all his powers must be required to keep him in that situation, and at the same time enable him to secure what he wishes for food, and avoid his numerous enemies. In this way 1 conceive that the new functions attributed to this organ do not supersede the old, nor imply any incorrectness in the observations which led Dr. Spurzheim to conjecture its uses; at the same time there may be a modification in the faculty itself in different species of animals, which may determine some to high and some to low

situations; while in man it may be a more general faculty, without determining to a residence of any particular kind.

The strongest expression of this faculty which I have observed is in rope-dancers. Their countenances show a great internal effort of mental concentration, watching and directing the slightest motions of the body; and in the head of Ducrow, of which the Phrenological Society has a cast, the organ is very large. He manifests the faculty in the highest degree.

The leading object of these discussions is to enable the reader to form an idea of the mental quality, if it be such, intended to be designated by Concentrativeness, so that he may be able to decide on the function of the organ by his own observations. It acts along with the feelings as well as with the intellect, and prolongs emotions. Abstract reasoning is not admitted in Phrenology as proof in favor of any organ or faculty; and I have observed that, by leading the mind insensibly to adopt a conclusion for or against particular ideas, it produces a tendency to seek support for opinions rather than truth, and thereby retards the progress of accurate investigation. The function is stated as only probable, and stands open for further elucidation.

4.-ADHESIVENESS.

THIS organ is situated at the middle of the posterior edge of the parietal bone, on each side of Concentrativeness, higher up than Philoprogenitiveness, and just above the lambdoidal suture. When very large, two annular protuberances will be observed there; or a general fulness, if the neighboring organs be large; when small, that part of the head is narrow or depressed.

Dr. Gall was requested to mould for his collection the head of a lady, who was described to him as a model of friendship. He did so, more through complaisance, than in expectation of making any discovery. In examining the head, he found two large prominences, in the form of a segment of a circle, on the sides of the organ of Philoprogenitiveness. These prominences, which he had not previously observed, were symmetrical, and manifestly formed