You have already learned how these cases are used. For example, you have learned to say It is I, It is we, He and I are friends, She and I are friends, They gave the book to him and me, They gave the book to her and me, They told him and me (or her and me) the story. Review these sentences, and tell why they are correct.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

259. In the sentence That is the man who was elected alderman, "who" is called a relative pronoun because it relates to the noun "man." "Man" is called the antecedent. An antecedent is something that goes before. "Who" is also the subject of the clause "who was elected alderman," and is in the nominative case. In the sentence That is the man whom we elected alderman, "whom" is a relative pronoun, and has "man" as an antecedent. It is also the object in its own clause, and is in the accusative case. In That is the man to whom we gave the office of alderman, "whom" is a substantive with the preposition "to," and is in the accusative "Man" is its antecedent.

case.

Whose is the genitive case of who. It is usually a possessive adjective, as in There is the farmer whose horse was stolen and Whose horse is that standing by the corner of the stable?

That and which are also relative pronouns, as in Here is the house that was sold yesterday and This is the house in which my father lives. These words are not declined.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

260. Who, which, and what which, and what are interrogative pronouns. That is, they help to make a sentence interrogative. Examples: Who is that? Whom did you call on yesterday? This is my pencil, but whose is that? Which of these books is yours? In which of these houses do you live? What did you say? Only who is declined.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

261. Pronouns that point out some particular thing are called demonstrative pronouns. This and that, with their plurals these and those, are of this class. They are not declined. These words are pronouns, of course, when they stand alone, as in This is Monday and That is my geography. When they stand before nouns they are adjectives.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

262. In Whoever has my book had better return it, "whoever" is an indefinite pronoun, because it means no particular person. Other such pronouns are any one, some one, anybody, somebody.

CORRECT USE OF PRONOUNS

263. In addition to taking care in the use of I as a nominative, you must take care in the use of who and whom. Who is a nominative, and must be used as a subject and a predicate word, while whom is dative or accusative and must be used as indirect object, object, and substantive with a preposition. Examples: This is the boy who came late. This is the boy whom we saw come in late.

You have already learned that such a sentence as If any one has my book, they had better return it is incorrect. Many educated people use this manner of expression, even though they recognize it as incorrect. It is hard to break a habit that is once fixed. You should say, If any one (or anybody) has my book, he had better return it.

A STUDY OF PRONOUNS

264. Study the following sentences to determine what words are pronouns, and what kind. Be sure to remember that they are not pronouns if they modify nouns they must of themselves be subjects, objects, and so on. For example, when one of the genitives modifies a noun it must be called a possessive adjective.

Whenever you find a pronoun that is declined, tell the case. Always tell what the function of the word is. Determine the functions of the conjunctions and prepositions.

1. We are very fond of reading at our house.

2. Whoever gets a new book reads it to the others.

3. Those who are fond of reading can spend their leisure with enjoyment.

4. These are my books; whose are those?

5. Who are those people who are going into the library? 6. Which of your new books are you going to read first?

7. I will read whatever you bring me.

8. The person whom you see at the desk is the librarian. 9. The attendant to whom I gave my card brought me the wrong book.

10. Whom are you going to ask to go to the library with you?

11. Somebody will bring the books for our class to use. 12. These are the books that I brought for our class to

use.

13. What are you going to do after you get your lessons this evening?

14. I have read Treasure Island, and I like it.

15. We have Tom Sawyer in our library, and it interests us very much.

16. Few boys and girls nowadays read Pilgrim's Progress, but many have read Gulliver's Travels.

17. My sister and I are not fond of reading; we prefer to play.

18. She and I like tennis very well.

19. Books are good companions; they entertain us, and we are grateful to them for that.

20. Which of you has a copy of Little Men? It is my favorite book.

21. You borrowed my copy of Little Women. When will you return it?

22. It is a good book for you and me to read.

23. I want to reread it. That is the reason why I want you to return it.

24. The Country of the Dwarfs and My Apingi Kingdom are good books. Have you read them?

25. Some books can be read many times; others only

once.

26. All the modern books are in our public library; I have only a few of them.

27. Father and mother gave me a set of history books for a Christmas gift.

28. I gave him and her a set of Dickens.

29. To my sister they gave some stories, which please her better than history.

30. The same books do not always please her and me. 31. A few books are worth buying; many are not worth the price one pays for them.

32. Any one who pays his own money for a book wants to read it at once.

33. The girl to whom I lent my copy of Kidnapped has not returned it.

34. Some one has borrowed my Ivanhoe. I wish he would return it.

35. If any one borrows my books, I want him to return them.

36. There is a boy who reads a great deal, but remembers little.

37. Whenever one reads a book, one should compare it with others.

38. I am willing to lend my books to whoever will take good care of them..

39. I will lend my books to any one whom you recommend.

THE ADJECTIVE

265. A word that modifies a noun is called an adjective. A phrase or a clause that modifies a