"A hare one day ridiculed the short legs and slow pace of the tortoise."

5. "Then Cinderella put her hand into her pocket, and drew forth the other glass slipper."

6. "A serpent and an eagle were one day struggling with each other.”

7. "She was small and slight in person."

8. "I am Hercules."

Each of the sentences given above is called a simple sentence, because it has but one clause. That, of course, is a principal clause. A simple sentence may have a compound verb, a compound subject, a compound object, or compound predicate words. It may also have phrases. Thus, the first sentence has the phrase "by a nettle."

What is the complete predicate of the first example sentence? the predicate verb? the complete subject? the subject substantive?

Answer the same questions in regard to the other

sentences.

What sentences have compound parts? What are the connective words?

What sentences have phrases? Do they belong to the predicates or to the subjects?

What sentences have predicate words?

194. Write some simple sentences, and determine whether any of them have parts that are compound.

COMPLEX SENTENCES

195. Read the following sentences carefully:
1. "This is the house that Jack built."
2. Go find the house that Jack built.

3. "They promised that they would carry me to distant Ithaca."

4. “I know that she will not cease from grief and weeping until she sees me."

5. "They say all Indian nabobs are enormously rich." 6. "If you would only spare my life, I would be sure to repay your kindness.”

7. "He caught him and was about to kill him, when the mouse piteously entreated."

8. "A bat, falling upon the ground, was caught by a weasel, of whom he earnestly sought his life."

9. "When at last they awoke, it was already dark night."

10. "Just wait a little, until the moon has arisen.”

II. "It was not three mornings since they had left their father's house."

12. "After he had worked for a long time, he came to the courtyard of a royal palace.'

13. "In the forest roams a unicorn which does great harm."

14. "A fox who had never yet seen a lion, when he fell in with him by chance in the forest was so frightened that he was near dying with fear."

The sentences given as examples are complex sentences. A complex sentence is one that has one principal clause and at least one subordinate clause. Thus, the first sentence is composed of two parts a principal clause, "This is the house," and a subordinate clause, "that Jack built."

The subordinate clause may modify the verb, the subject, the object, a predicate word, or a substantive preceded by a connective word. It may, indeed, even be the subject itself, as in the sentence, That

he was afraid was very plain. There are several sentences above in which it is the object. A clause that is an object is, of course, a Group Object.

You can determine which is the subordinate and which is the principal clause by asking yourselves which clause depends upon—that is, belongs to, or modifies some part of the other; or which clause is subject or object of the other. Thus, "that Jack built" plainly belongs to "house"; this clause is therefore subordinate.

You have already had a hint of another means of determining which is the subordinate clause, but it is not a certain means. Nevertheless it is usually

helpful. It is that most subordinate clauses begin with a connective word-not and, but, or or, but such words as that, who, which, when, until, till, after, before, if, unless, and many others.

The subordinate clause may either precede or follow the principal clause. It may even be between the subject and the verb of the principal clause, as in the following example: Washington, after he had retired from the presidency, went back to Mount Vernon.

In the sentences given as examples, what are the principal clauses, and what are the subordinate clauses? That is, show each sentence to be complex. Determine whether the subordinate clauses are parts of the predicates or of the subjects.

What sentences contain phrases beginning with connective words? And do they belong to, or modify, the predicates or the subjects?

In one or two cases a sentence has more than one subordinate clause. Determine whether each of these belongs to the principal clause or to another subordinate clause.

196. Write some complex sentences. Read them aloud in a natural manner, without special emphasis, and use commas wherever there are necessary pauses, or slight jogs of the voice.

Or, reconsider some composition previously written, determine what sentences are complex, and note whether you have used commas where they are necessary to set off the subordinate clauses.

COMPOUND AND COMPLEX-COMPOUND

SENTENCES

197. Read the following sentences carefully: 1. "They came into a great hall, and there they found a feast spread."

2. "A certain tailor had a son who happened to be small, and no bigger than a thumb; and on this account he was always called Thumbling."

3. "Puss bade the men in the fields call the Marquis of Carabas their lord, or it would go hard with them." 4. "He dragged himself to the side of a pond; there he meant to drink some water and rest a while."

5. "Not long afterward, in the evening, the seven dwarfs came home; but how shocked they were when they saw their dear little Snow White lying on the ground, and that she neither stirred nor moved, and seemed to be dead!"

6. "Betimes next morning the forester got up and went out hunting; and when he was gone, the children were still in bed."

7. "We just now heard some pleasant music in thine abode; but when we came up, it ceased; and we would that we knew whether she who was performing it is a white or a black slave girl, or a lady."

8. "In a crimson sash this singular horseman wore a dagger on the right side, and on the left a short, crooked, Moorish sword; and by a tarnished baldric over the shoulder hung the horn which announced his approach.”

You have learned that certain words- and, for instance-connect verbs, subjects, objects, predicate words, subordinate clauses, and phrases. They also connect principal clauses. The first sentence above is an example. It is, in fact, two simple sentences written as one. It might be written thus: They came into a great hall. There they found a feast spread. But as it stands above, it is called a compound sentence. A compound sentence is one that contains at least two principal clauses.

The second sentence might be written thus: A certain tailor had a son who happened to be small, and no bigger than a thumb. On this account he was always called Thumbling. That is, the sentence as given in the list is really two sentences joined because they are closely related in thought. Now, one of the parts into which we have just divided the original sentence is in itself a complex sentence; that is, it has a subordinate as well as a principal clause. The original sentence is therefore a complex-compound sentence. A complex-compound sentence, then, is one that has at least two principal clauses and at least one subordinate clause.

Sometimes there is no connective word between