When anything had to be done, it was always the elder who was forced to do it; but if his father bade him fetch anything when it was late, or in the night time, and the way led through the churchyard, or any other dismal place, he answered, 'Oh, no, father, I'll not go there; it makes me shudder!' for he was afraid. Or when stories were told by the fire at night which made the flesh creep, the listeners often said, 'Oh, it makes us shudder!' The younger sat in the corner and listened with the rest of them, and could not imagine what they could mean. 'They are always saying, "It makes me shudder, it makes me shudder!" It does not make me shudder,' thought he. 'That, too, must be an art of which I understand nothing.'

GRIMM, Household Tales

PUNCTUATION: QUOTATION MARKS

107. You have already learned that when the exact words of a speaker are given they are inclosed within quotation marks, and that when a quotation within a quotation occurs, half-quotation marks are used. The paragraph in the preceding section is even more complicated, for it contains a quotation within a quotation within a quotation, and here quotation marks are used again. Reconsider the paragraph and study this matter.

How is a quotation separated from such expressions as said he or he remarked?

EXERCISE IN GRAMMAR

108. There follows a theme written by a pupil in an elementary school. Study it to determine (a) whether the writer began and ended each

sentence properly, (b) what are the verbs, subjects, objects, indirect objects, and their modifiers, (c) what are the group objects, if any, (d) whether the quotation marks are correctly used, (e) whether the words are correctly spelled, and (f) whether all the sentences have an agreeable sound. Consider also whether the story seems complete in all particulars. It would be a good exercise to rewrite the story after it has been considered in class.

I Have a Search

I read the interesting letter of Grandfather's again and again as I walked thro' the wood but still I found no clew to the mystery. It ran like this:

It is true that Indians once lived upon the same grounds where the old home now stands, in fact they were the only playmates I ever knew. As you are so interested, I will tell you where you may find something that will be of valuable information to you.

Go to Oak Grove and following the trail till you come to the woodland, turn and walk ahead till you come to the two massive oaks on the left of the path. One of the oaks has the bark stripped off and Indian designs cut in the trunk. Beneath the tree is a mound of black earth. Take your shovel and uncovering the mound you will find something of interest unless in these many years they have fallen to dust.

"Oh! how jolly! the search is over I hope it has n't been in vain."

My brother being with me we worked steady till our eyes fall upon the warped and rather decayed looking arrows and arrow heads with strings of mettle coins in the midst of dust and bones.

How interesting! to think we had not been disappointed. Spying a sort of slate affair, we thrust our shovel in again and read this:

"Chieftain of Tippecanoe Tribe."

To think we had found the grave of a real chieftain! We filled the hole up, our hunt being accomplished so that those who came after might have the same pleasure and running home told the story to the eager home folks who declared the search indeed worth while.

SUBSTANTIVE WITH A CONNECTIVE WORD

109. Read the following sentences:

1. Give the book and the pencil to me.

2. They came with their friends.

3. He bought the ball for fifty cents.

4. After a long sleep he had his dinner.

5. They passed by our house at seven o'clock.

6. The farmer plowed and harrowed that field in three days.

7. Either Tom or Nell will come for us.

8. For a long time he would not speak to us.

9. The dog is under the table.

In the first of these sentences "and" is a connective word joining the two objects "book" and "pencil." The word "to" is also a connective word, but it is not the kind that joins two objects, or two subjects, or two verbs. Its duty is to add to the idea of the sentence the word "me," which stands for the person to whom the book and the pencil are to be given. "Me" is therefore of a different rank in the sentence from that of "book" and "pencil"; that is, it is not an object of the verb.

It must be clear, then, that there are at least two kinds of words whose sole duty it is to connect. They will be studied later, but for the present we shall call them all connective words. Examples of one kind are and, but, and or; and these all join words or groups of words that have the same rank in the sentence. Examples of the other kind are with, for, to, in, by, at, under, over, and from; and their use is to add a word or group of words to another word or group of words that has a different rank in the sentence. The word or group of words that follows such a connective is said to be a substantive with a connective word.

Consider carefully the example sentences and determine what connectives are followed by substantives.

Write on the blackboard several sentences containing connectives that are followed by substantives, and explain them for a class exercise.

EXERCISE IN GRAMMAR

110. Read the following passage aloud in class and discuss it until you are sure that you know something of the peculiarities of the old Englishman called Sir Roger.

"As Sir Roger is landlord of the whole congregation, he keeps them in very good order, and will suffer nobody to sleep in it besides himself; for if by chance he has been surprised into a short nap at sermon, upon recovering out of it he stands up and looks about him, and if he sees anybody else nodding, either wakes them himself, or sends his servant to them. Several other of the old

knight's particularities break out upon these occasions; sometimes he will be lengthening out a verse in the singing Psalms, half a minute after the rest of the congregation have done with it; sometimes when he is pleased with the matter of his devotion, he pronounces 'Amen' three of four times to the same prayer; and sometimes stands up when everybody else is upon their knees, to count the congregation, or see if any of his tenants are missing.

"I was yesterday very much surprised to hear my old friend, in the midst of the service, calling out to one John Matthews to mind what he was about, and not disturb the congregation. This John Matthews it seems is remarkable for being an idle fellow, and at that time was kicking his heels for his diversion. This authority of the knight, though exerted in that odd manner which accompanies him in all circumstances of life, has a very good effect upon the parish, who are not polite enough to see anything ridiculous in his behavior; besides that the general good sense and worthiness of his character makes his friends observe these little singularities as foils that rather set off than blemish his good qualities."

ADDISON, in the Spectator In this selection there are many little groups of words each of which consists of a connective word and a substantive, perhaps with modifiers. The following are examples from the first sentence. "of the whole congregation"

"in very good order"

"in it"

"besides himself"

a. Take up the passage, sentence by sentence, and read aloud all such groups of words. Note that they do not contain a predicate and a subject.