Highlanders, and burnt all the country about the garrison because they had blocked the house.'

Its vicissitudes of the previous war did not prevent Mar being the centre of the rising of 1715, led by the last of the ancient Earls of the name, and indeed, by a patent of St. Germain's, the Duke of Mar. The arrangements were made at a hunting organized by the Earl of Mar in the end of August; and though the Earl made his first proclamation at Glenlivat, and was joined by some of his own vassals at Corgarff, it was at Braemar that the famous hoisting of the standard took place, and from Invercauld that Mar sent his angry despatch to 'Black Jock' Forbes of Inverernan, telling him he was 'in the right not to come with the hundred men sent up to-night, when I expected four times the number,' and threatening the refractory' with a party to burn what they shall miss taking from them.' There was no hanging back among the gallant Farquharsons, and it was Peter of Inverey who, in the divided council at Perth, started up and declared that the loyal clans should take the Chevalier from among them, and that, if he was willing to die like a Prince, he would find ten thousand gentlemen in Scotland who were not afraid to die with him. A large number of the Farquharsons were in the force that invaded England, and was destroyed at Preston. 'Killed at Preston,' Taken at Preston and detained in London till he endured the trial,' and the repeated entry Taken at Preston and transported to Virginia, as were many others,' are the significant words that record the dark realities that followed the enthusiasm which burst forth when

The standard on the Braes o' Mar
Was up and streaming rarely,
The gathering pipe on Lochnagar
Was blawing loud and clearly.'

Braemar was completely devastated by the Government troops, and three garrisons stationed in it, as well as one at Corgarff. One of General Wade's roads was carried through the district; yet when the young Chevalier landed in Moidart, the Farquharsons, under James of Balmoral and the 'Baron Ban' of Monaltrie, were ready to rise again, though Invercauld was an officer in the army, and was taken prisoner by his own kinsmen at Falkirk. Three hundred Farquharsons took part in the

action when Lord Lewis Gordon defeated MacLeod of MacLeod at Inverurie, and at Culloden Monaltrie's regiment lost seventynine men and sixteen subaltern officers. Their commander and three brother officers were condemned to death, but on the very eve of his execution an unexpected reprieve arrived for Monaltrie.

Monaltrie. The Aboyne and Aberdeen regiments appear frequently in the order-book of the Highland army; and the letters which passed between Lord Lewis Gordon as Lord Lieutenant of the northern counties, and that ardent supporter of the Jacobite cause, Moir of Stoneywood, indicate clearly how the change in social conditions had made it increasingly difficult to raise men at all proportionate to the number of officers in the Lowland districts, even those most Jacobite in sympathy, for active service in the field. 'We have all got,' wrote Lord Lewis, a most unthankful business, and we have to deal with a sett of low-minded, grovelling wretches who prefer their own interest to the good of the country.'

Seven sons of the Laird of Pitfodels fought at Culloden, and many were the hardships suffered after that dire defeat. The Braemar district was again devastated and forts established, from which the Jacobite gentlemen in hiding were hunted down, while in the lonely passes officers and soldiers were picked off by desperate men. Gordon of Blelack, whose mother interrupted the prayers of her parish minister for the discomfiture of the rebels with the indignant remonstrance, 'How daur ye say that, and my Charlie among them?' at first escaped by taking a farm from the Earl of Aboyne, and having his letters addressed to 'Charles Gordon, farmer at Gellan,' and at last owed his safety to a faithful servant who had secured the post of canteen-keeper to the garrison at Corgarff, but who was betrayed by an old woman, who told the soldiers, as they returned from a long and fruitless march, that their canteenkeeper must have been up early, for he got a drink of whey from her on his way up. The service was recompensed, when better times came, by a grant of a farm occupied by the erewhile canteen-keeper and his son for many a long year. Forbes of Brux found refuge in a cave known as 'Jonathan's Cave,' and, to disguise himself, became a builder of farm dykes. On one occasion a party of soldiers asked him if the Laird of Brux was at home, when he quietly replied, 'He was at home when I was at my breakfast.' A cleft on Craig Clunie is still known as the 'Charter Chest,' from having been the hiding-place of the family papers of a Farquharson family. Saddest of all is the story which tells how Gordon of Terpersie, after long hiding, was taken by his doubtful captors to the farmhouse where his wife and children were living, and how his fate was sealed by the shout of Daddy, daddy,' as his little son rushed to meet him. Of the darker incidents that accompanied the civil war there are not a few traditions in Braemar, but none more suggestive than the response of the dying murderer and robber

of

of Donside to the solicitations of the minister: Here is the arm and dirk that sent six-and-twenty redcoats to eternity in one night, and surely that will make up for some of my misdeeds.'

With the dying out of the last Jacobite rising the more picturesque history of Mar, in common with that of the rest of Scotland, closes. The Highland valleys soon sent many a gallant fellow to charge in the ranks of Keith's Highlanders, at Fellinghausen and other German battles; and the élan and endurance so well combined in the blended Celtic and Teutonic blood of the Aberdeenshire Scot have, during a century of service from Bergen-op-Zoom and Alexandria to Candahar and Chitral, been gloriously illustrated by the gallant regiment which, wearing the green tartan with the single yellow stripe, has ever exhibited the dashing valour of the great Northern house from which it takes its name.

The Gordons cam' and the Gordons ran,
And they were stark and steady;
And aye the word amang them a',
Was "Gordons, keep you ready."

In arts no less than arms the ancient province of Mar has, during a century and a half of peaceful progress, maintained her old reputation. The great expansion of the city that clusters round the steeple of the old church of St. Nicholas, in spite of a far northern situation and an awkward bar at the entrance to the harbour, almost justifies the famous exclamation of her loyal son, 'Tak' awa' Aiberdeen an' twal' mill roon' about it an' whaur are ye?' and 'the intellectual appetencies of a population that lives on the grey granite' continue unappeased and unappeasable. The city which was the home of the Scottish Vandyke sustains its own school of Scottish painting, and it may be that two centuries hence men will regard the canvases of Sir George Reid with something of the same interest with which we look at Jameson's pictures of the generation that lived through or perished in the Troubles,' and point a parallel between that time and ours. The province which in an Archdeacon of Aberdeen produced at once the Homer and the Chaucer of Scotland, sent forth in Robert Fergusson the forerunner and inspirer of Robert Burns. The Latin Muse whose strains flowed so harmoniously in the lines of Arthur Johnston, the Medicus Regius of Charles I., is still wooed in modern Aberdeen; and the spirit that animated the minstrels who composed the old ballads that tell the stories of the battles of Harlaw, Corrichie, and Balrinnes, of the fall of 'Bonnie

Bonnie John Seton' at the Brig o' Dee, and the burning of Towie by Edom o' Gordon, is not absent from the verses of Cadenhead and Norval Clyne. The learned Doctors of Aberdeen, the saintly John Forbes of Corse, Baronius noster," William Lesly, Scroggie, Sibbald, and Ross, in whom fell more learning than was left behind in all Scotland besyde at that tyme,' have had not unworthy successors in many a professor and alumnus of King's and Marischal Colleges. That power of presenting to us the real facts, the light and shade, and the subtler colours of Northern life which the old local annalists possessed, never was more conspicuous than in the late Dr. William Alexander's prose pictures of Aberdeenshire men and ways. That love for the past of their country, and anxiety to preserve the antiquities and the history of their own district, which was illustrated by Hector Boece, the first Principal of the University, whose too great credulity won for him the title of the Father of Lies, and in the seventeenth century was more creditably exhibited by old Spalding, by the 'Great Straloch,' by his son the Parson of Rothiemay, and by Patrick Gordon, kept alive in the labours of Ruddiman, has never blazed brighter than in the coterie of accomplished and accurate investigators of antiquities, Joseph Robertson, William Stuart, and John Grub, whose names are associated with the magnificent contributions to our knowledge of the past of Scotland made accessible by the Old Spalding Club. Aberdeen also points with pride to the wider achievements in the field of historical research of their contemporaries W. F. Skene and John Hill Burton.

That these honourable traditions are worthily carried on the publications of the New Spalding Club bear witness, and not least the Records of Aboyne, in which Lord Huntly tells carefully and concisely the story of his noble race, and the beautiful volume, rich in illustration and suggestive in commentary, which conveys to those who have never seen Aberdeen or breathed the bracing air of Mar the heraldic message of the Lacunar Basilica Sancti Macarii Aberdonensis.

ART.

ART. IV.-1. The Correspondence of Cicero during the years 46-44 B.C.

2. Der Briefwechsel des M. Tullius Cicero. Von Otto Eduard Schmidt. Leipzig, 1893.

3. M. Tulli Ciceronis Epistularum libri sedecim. Edidit Ludovicus Mendelssohn. Lipsiæ, 1893.

4. Cicéron et ses Amis. Par Gaston Boissier. Paris, 1877. 5. Cæsar, a Sketch. By J. A. Froude, M.A. London, 1888. 6. Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic. By J. L. Strachan-Davidson, M.A. New York and London, 1894. 7. Mommsen's History of Rome. Eng. Translation. London, 1877.

Te knew of the was, THE HERE is a story of a schoolboy who was asked what he knew of the early history of Britain. His answer was, 'The island of Britain was inhabited by the Ancient Britons, who were savages until they were invaded by Julius Cæsar. He was a civilised man, a gentleman, and a Christian.' One would surmise that this little boy was fresh from a perusal of Froude's Cæsar, a Sketch,' but for the moderation which classed Cæsar with the followers of the Founder of Christianity, and not with the Founder himself. Of the many thousands who have read Froude's adiirably written book, hundreds will have enjoyed the style without being misled by the false views of history advanced. The scholar will have seen that his study of the original documents has been neither wide nor accurate, while his conception of the world in which Cæsar lived is quite amazingly erroneous. Even he who is no scholar will notice how Froude has overdone the parallel between our own time and the closing years of the Roman Republic. He will see how misleading it is to speak of the Senate as 'noble lords' and the Equites as young lords,' and to write as if 'patrician and plebeian' were terms correlative with each other in the same way as the terms 'rich' and 'poor.' But such is the brilliant literary power which Froude has brought to bear on the statement of his case for Cæsar and despotism and against Cicero and republicanism, that thousands of English readers of Roman history will, if uncautioned, accept the Sketch as a faithful picture of Cæsar and his times, and it will for a long time be incumbent on him who desires to place in their true light the actors in the last scenes of the Fall of the Roman Republic, to begin by endeavouring to remove those misconceptions which his brilliant essay has engendered. To our whole review we would prefix the observation that to reproduce an atmosphere is as difficult at least for the historian Vol. 184.-No. 368.

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