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well as the most complex work contains this element of ideality. For when a man reproduces in art what he sees in nature, he inevitably imports himself into the product. Strive as he will to keep himself out of the imitation, the man is powerless to do so. The thing imitated has of necessity become the thing imagined. Twenty photographic cameras of equal dimensions and equal excellence will produce almost identical representations of a single model. But set twenty artists of equal skill in draughtsmanship to make studies from one model, and though the imitation may in each case be equally faithful, there will be a different intellectual quality, a different appeal to sympathy, a different order of suggestion in each of the twenty drawings. In other words, each of the twenty drawings represents the thing perceived and conceived differently. Some specific ideality has formed an unavoidable feature of each artist's work, while all have aimed at merely reproducing the objects before them. This is perhaps the simplest way of presenting the truth that realism and idealism are as inseparable as

body and soul in every product of the figurative

arts.

In art it is not a machine but a mind which imitates. No draughtsman can rival the camera in bare accuracy, but every draughtsman is bound to do what the camera cannot do, by introducing a subjective quality into the reproduction. Artistic beauty is mainly a matter of selection, due to the exercise of those free mental faculties which the machine lacks. The artist observes defects in the single model; he notices in many models scattered excellences, he has before him the most perfect forms invented by his predecessors. To correct those defects, to reunite those excellences, to apply the principles of those perfected types, becomes his aim. He cannot rival nature by producing something exactly like her work, but he can create something which shall show what nature strives after.

"That type of perfect in his mind

Can he in nature nowhere find."

The figurative arts are thus led to what is after all their highest function, the presenta

tion of thought and feeling in beautiful form. Such idealism is only realism in the intensest phase of veracity. The Greek sculptors are our surest teachers. They had to create images of gods and heroes, each representing in perfection some one psychological attribute of human nature. For these spiritual essences they were bound to find fit incarnation through the means available by art. The solution of this problem forced them to idealize, while their exquisite sense for the beauty, grace, and dignity of the living model kept them realistically faithful to facts in nature. We cannot, however, always expect that perfect synthesis which makes the works of Pheidias exemplary.

Alma Tadema, L., 116.
Amiel, 61.

INDEX

"Ancient Mariner, The, " 87, 88.
"Arden, Enoch," 83.
Arnold, M., 102, 103, 104, 162,
179.

"Art for Art's Sake," xvii.
"Art of England, The," 185, 206.
Artificiality, Freedom from, 118,
120, 191.

"As you like it," 90.
Augustan Age, 4.

Beethoven, Van L., 161.
"Bell Peter," 89.
Bellini, G., 9.
Blommers, B. J., 124.

Bock de, Th., 30, 125, 147.
Bosboom, J., 29, 30, 33, 110,
114, 121, 126, 127 to 134, 135,
136, 183.

"Braes of Yarrow, The," 99.
Breton, Jules, 80.
Broadway Magazine, The, 56,
57.

Browne, Sir Thomas, 87.
Browning, R., 144.

Bryant, W. C., 203.
Brymner, W., 58, 60.
Burne Jones, E., 211.
Burns, R., 98, 99.
Byron, Lord, 91,

Carlyle, T., 48.

184.

Catalogue, Edinburgh Exhibi-

tion, 112, 113.

Catalogue, Whitechapel Exhi-

bition, 31, 172.

Caxton, W., 26.

Claudian, 215.
Clausen, G., 200.
Coleridge, S. T., 87, 102, 161.
Columbus, 26.
"Considerations on Painting,"
39, 184.

Constable, J., X, 19, 20, 21, 22,
26, 31, 32, 44, III to 114, 120,
137, 195, 199, 205, 206.
Constantine, 5.

Corot, J. B. C., x, 16, 21, 22, 27,
32, 70, 80, 125, 137, 176, 182,
185, 189, 198, 199.
Courbet, G., 198.
Cowper, W., 85, 86.
Cuyp, A., 17.

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Claude le Lorrain, 12, 13, 15, Durer, A., 9, 26, 216.

Chatham, Earl of, 26.

Cimabue, G., 7, 26.

Durand, John, 24, 49.

16, 21, 22, 151, 216.

"Durward, Quentin," 92.

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