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stant, they are sensible of this want of natives; | hath at hand, for cause of war, the propagation as by pragmatical sanction, now published, appeareth.

of his law or sect, a quarrel that he may always command. The Romans, though they esteemed It is certain, that sedentary and within-door the extending the limits of their empire to be arts, and delicate manufactures (that require great honour to their generals when it was done, rather the finger than the arm) have in their na- yet they never rested upon that alone to begin a ture a contrariety to a military disposition; and war: first, therefore, let nations that pretend to generally all warlike people are a little idle, and greatness have this, that they be sensible of love danger better than travail; neither must they wrongs, either upon borderers, merchants, or pobe too much broken of it, if they shall be pre-litic ministers; and that they sit not too long upon served in vigour: therefore it was great advan- a provocation: secondly, let them be pressed and tage in the ancient states of Sparta, Athens, ready to give aids and succours to their confedeRome, and others, that they had the use of slaves, rates; as it ever was with the Romans; insowhich commonly did rid those manufactures; but much, as if the confederates had leagues defenthat is abolished, in greatest part, by the Chris- sive with divers other states, and, upon invasion tian law. That which cometh nearest to it is, to offered, did implore their aids severally, yet the leave those arts chiefly to strangers, (which, for Romans would ever be the foremost, and leave it that purpose, are the more easily to be received,) to none other to have the honour. As for the and to contain the principal bulk of the vulgar wars, which were anciently made on the behalf natives within those three kinds, tillers of the of a kind of party, or tacit conformity of estate, ground, free servants, and handicraftsmen of I do not see how they may be well justified: as strong and manly arts; as smiths, masons, car- when the Romans made a war for the liberty of penters, &c. not reckoning professed soldiers. Græcia; or, when the Lacedæmonians and Athenians made war to set up or pull down democracies and oligarchies: or when wars were made by foreigners, under the pretence of justice or protection, to deliver the subjects of others from tyranny and oppression, and the like. Let it sutfice, that no estate expect to be great, that is not awake, upon any just occasion of arming.

But, above all, for empire and greatness, it importeth most, that a nation do profess arms as their principal honour, study, and occupation; for the things which we formerly have spoken of are but habilitations towards arms; and what is habilitation without intention and act? Romulus, after his death (as they report or feign) sent a present to the Romans, that above all they should No body can be healthful without exercise, intend arms, and then they should prove the neither natural body nor politic; and, certainly, greatest empire of the world. The fabric of the to a kingdom, or estate, a just and honourable state of Sparta was wholly (though not wisely) war is the true exercise. A civil war, indeed, is framed and composed to that scope and end; the like the heat of a fever; but a foreign war is like Persians and Macedonians had it for a flash; the the heat of exercise, and serveth to keep the body Gauls, Germans, Goths, Saxons, Normans, and in health; for, in a slothful peace, both courages others, had it for a time: the Turks have it at this will effeminate, and manners corrupt; but howday, though in great declination. Of Christian soever it be for happiness, without all question Europe, they that have it are, in effect, only the for greatness, it maketh to be still for the most Spaniards but it is so plain, that every man pro- part in arms; and the strength of a veteran army fiteth in that he most intendeth, that it needeth (though it be a chargeable business) always on not to be stood upon: it is enough to point at it; foot, is that which commonly giveth the law; or, that no nation which doth not directly profess at least, the reputation amongst all neighbour arms, may look to have greatness fall into their states, as may well be seen in Spain, which hath mouths; and, on the other side, it is a most cer- had, in one part or other, a veteran army almost tain oracle of time, that those states that continue | continually, now by the space of sixscore years. long in that profession (as the Romans and Turks To be master of the sea is an abridgment of a principally have done) do wonders; and those monarchy. Cicero, writing to Atticus of Pomthat have professed arms but for an age have, not-pey's preparation against Cæsar, saith, "Consiwithstanding, commonly attained that greatness in that age which maintained them long after, when their profession and exercise of arms hath grown to decay.

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Incident to this point, is for a state to have those laws or customs which may reach forth unto them Just occasions (as may be pretended) of war; for there is that justice imprinted in the nature of men, that they enter not upon wars (whereof so many calamities do ensue,) but upon some, at the icast specious, grounds and quarrels. The Turk

lium Pompeii plane Themistocleum est; putat enim, qui mari potitur, eum rerum potiri ;" and, without doubt, Pompey had tired out Cæsar, if upon vain confidence he had not left that way. We see the great effects of battles by sea: the battle of Actium decided the empire of the world; the battle of Lepanto arrested the greatness of the Turk. There be many examples, where sea fights have been final to the war: but this is when princes, or states, have set up their rest upon the battles; but thus much is certain, that he that

commands the sea is at great liberty, and may | clusion to say, “This agreeth not well with me, take as much and as little of the war as he will; therefore I will not continue it;" than this, "I whereas those that be strongest by land are many times, nevertheless, in great straits. Surely, at this day, with us of Europe, the vantage of strength at sea (which is one of the principal dowries of this kingdom of Great Britain) is great; both because most of the kingdoms of Europe are not merely inland, but girt with the sea most part of their compass; and because the wealth of both Indies seems, in great part, but an accessary to the command of the seas.

The wars of later ages seem to be made in the dark, in respect to the glory and honour which reflected upon men from the wars in ancient time. There be now, for martial encouragement, some degrees and orders of chivalry, which nevertheless are conferred promiscuously upon soldiers and no soldiers, and some remembrance perhaps upon the escutcheon, and some hospitals for maimed soldiers, and such like things; but in ancient times, the trophies erected upon the place of the victory; the funeral laudatives and monuments for those that died in the wars; the crowns and garlands personal; the style of emperor, which the great king of the world after borrowed; the triumphs of the generals upon their return; the great donatives and largesses upon the disbanding of the armies, where things able to inflame all men's courages; but above all, that of the triumph amongst the Romans was not pageants, or gaudery, but one of the wisest and noblest institutions that ever was; for it contained three things, honour to the general, riches to the treasury out of the spoils, and donatives to the army: but that honour, perhaps, were not fit for monarchies, except it be in the person of the monarch himself, or his sons; as it came to pass in the times of the Roman emperors, who did impropriate the actual triumphs to themselves and their sons, for such wars as they did achieve in person, and left only for wars achieved by subjects, some triumphal garments and ensigns to the general.

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find no offence of this, therefore I may use it:" for strength of nature in youth passeth over many excesses which are owing a man till his age. Discern of the coming on of years, and think not to do the same things still; for age will not be defied. Beware of sudden change in any great point of diet, and, if necessity enforce it, fit the rest to it; for it is a secret both in nature and state, that it is safer to change many things than Examine thy customs of diet, sleep, exercise, apparel, and the like; and try, in any thing thou shalt judge hurtful, to discontinue it by little and little; but so, as if thou dost find any inconvenience by the change, thou come back to it again: for it is hard to distinguish that which is generally held good and wholesome, from that which is good particularly, and fit for thine own body. To be free-minded and cheerfully disposed at hours of meat and of sleep, and of exercise, is one of the best precepts of long lasting. As for the passions and studies of the mind, avoid envy, anxious fears, anger, fretting inwards, subtle and knotty inquisitions, joys and exhilarations in excess, sadness not communicated. Entertain hopes, mirth rather than joy, variety of delights, rather than surfeit of them; wonder and admiration, and therefore novelties; studies that fill the mind with splendid and illustrious objects, as histories, fables, and contemplations of nature. If you fly physic in health altogether, it will be too strange for your body when you shall need it; if you make it too familiar, it will work no extraordinary effect when sickness cometh. I commend rather some diet for certain seasons, than frequent use of physic, except it be grown into a custcm; for those diets alter the body more, and trouble it less. Despise no new accident in your body, but ask opinion of it. In sickness, respect health principally; and in health, action: for those that put their bodies to endure in health, may, in most sicknesses which are not very sharp, be cured To conclude: no man can by care taking (as only with diet and tendering. Celsus could never the Scripture saith) “add a cubit to his stature, "add a cubit to his stature," have spoken it as a physician, had he not been a in this little model of a man's body; but in the wise man withal, when he giveth it for one of the great fame of kingdoms and commonwealths, it great precepts of health and lasting, that a man is in the power of princes, or estates, to add am- do vary and interchange contraries, but with an plitude and greatness to their kingdoms; for by inclination to the more benign extreme: use fastintroducing such ordinances, constitutions, and ing and full eating, but rather full eating; watchcustoms, as we have now touched, they may sowing and sleep, but rather sleep; sitting and greatness to their posterity and succession: but exercise, but rather exercise, and the like: so these things are commonly not observed, but left shall nature be cherished, and yet taught mas to take their chance.

teries. Physicians are some of them so pleasing and conformable to the humour of the patient, as they press not the true cure of the disease: and XXX. OF REGIMEN OF HEALTH. some other are so regular in proceeding according THERE is a wisdom in this beyond the rules of to art for the disease, as they respect not suffiphysic: a man's own observation, what he finds ciently the condition of the patient. Take one of good of, and what he finds hurt of, is the best a middle temper; or, if it may not be found in one physic to preserve health; but it is a safer con-man, combine two of either sort; and forget not

to call as well the best acquainted with your ] perceived, ridiculous. The honourablest part of body, as the best reputed of for his faculty.

XXXI. OF SUSPICION.

talk is to give the occasion; and again to moderate and pass to somewhat else, for then a man leads the dance. It is good in discourse, and speech of conversation, to vary and intermingle SUSPICIONS among thoughts are like bats among speech of the present occasion with arguments, birds, they ever fly by twilight: certainly they are tales with reasons, asking of questions with telling to be repressed, or at the least well guarded; for of opinions, and jest with earnest: for it is a dull they cloud the mind, they lose friends, and they thing to tire, and as we say now, to jade any thing check with business, whereby business cannot go too far. As for jest, there be certain things which on currently and constantly: they dispose kings ought to be privileged from it; namely, religion, to tyranny, husbands to jealousy, wise men to matters of state, great persons, any man's present irresolution and melancholy: they are defects, not business of importance, any case that deserveth in the heart, but in the brain; for they take place pity; yet there be some that think their wits have in the stoutest natures, as in the example of Henry | been asleep, except they dart out somewhat that the Seventh of England; there was not a more is piquant, and to the quick; that is a vein which suspicious man nor a more stout: and in such a would be bridled; composition they do small hurt; for commonly "Parce, puer, stimulés, et fortius utere loris." they are not admitted, but with examination, | And, generally, men ought to find the difference whether they be likely or no? but in fearful na- between saltness and bitterness. Certainly, he tures they gain ground too fast. There is nothing that hath a satirical vein, as he maketh others makes a man suspect much, more than to know afraid of his wit, so he had need be afraid of little; and, therefore, men should remedy suspi- others' memory. He that questioneth much, cion by procuring to know more, and not to keep | shall learn much, and content much; but espetheir suspicions in smother. What would men cially if he apply his questions to the skill of the have? do they think those they employ and deal persons whom he asketh; for he shall give them with are saints? do they not think they will have occasion to please themselves in speaking, and their own ends, and be truer to themselves than himself shall continually gather knowledge; but to them? therefore there is no better way to mo- let his questions not be troublesome, for that is derate suspicions, than to account upon such sus-fit for a poser; and let him be sure to leave other picions as true, and yet to bridle them as false: men their turns to speak: nay, if there be any for so far a man ought to make use of suspicions, that would reign and take up all the time, let him as to provide, as if that should be true that he find means to take them off, and to bring others suspects, yet it may do him no hurt. Suspicions on, as musicians use to do with those that dance that the mind of itself gathers are but buzzes; too long galliards. If you dissemble sometimes but suspicions that are artificially nourished, and your knowledge of that you are thought to know, put into men's heads by the tales and whisperings you shall be thought, another time, to know that of others, have stings. Certainly, the best mean, you know not. Speech of a man's self ought to to clear the way in this same wood of suspicions, be seldom, and well chosen. I knew one was is frankly to communicate them with the party | want to say in scorn, "He must needs be a wise that he suspects; for thereby he shall be sure to man, he speaks so much of himself:" and there know more of the truth of them than he did is but one case wherein a man may commend before; and withal shall make that party more himself with good grace, and that is in commendcircumspect, not to give further cause of suspi-ing virtue in another, especially if it be such a cion; but this would not be done to men of base virtue whereunto himself pretendeth. Speech of natures; for they, if they find themselves once touch towards others should be sparingly used; suspected, will never be true. The Italian says, for discourse ought to be as a field, without "Sospetto licentia fede;" as if suspicion did give coming home to any man. I knew two noblea passport to faith; but it ought rather to kindle men, of the west part of England, whereof the it to discharge itself. one was given to scoff, but kept ever royal cheer in his house; the other would ask of those that had been at the other's table, "Tell truly, was there never a flout or dry blow given?" To which the guest would answer, "Such and such a thing passed." The lord would say, "I thought he would mar a good dinner." Discretion of speech is more than eloquence; and to speak agreeable to him with whom we deal, is more than to speak in good words, or in good order. A good continued speech, without a good speech of interlocution, shows slowness; and a good

XXXII. OF DISCOURSE.

SOME in their discourse desire rather commendation of wit, in being able to hold all arguments, than of judgment, in discerning what is true; as if it were a praise to know what might be said, and not what should be thought. Some have certain common-places and themes, wherein they are good, and want variety; which kind of poverty is for the most part tedious, and, when it is once

reply, or second speech, without a good settled ¦ and to be laid in, and stored up, and then deliverspeech, showeth shallowness and weakness. As we see in beasts, that those that are weakest in the course, are yet nimblest in the turn: as it is betwixt the greyhound and the hare. To use too many circumstances, ere one come to the matter, is wearisome; to use none at all, is blunt.

XXXIII. OF PLANTATIONS.

ed out in proportion; besides some spots of ground
that any particular person will manure for his own
private use. Consider, likewise, what commo-
dities the soil where the plantation is doth natu-
rally yield, that they may some way help to defray
the charge of the plantation; so it be not, as was
said, to the untimely prejudice of the main busi-
ness, as it hath fared with tobacco in Virginia.
Wood commonly aboundeth but too much and
If there be iron
therefore timber is fit to be one.
ore, and streams whereupon to set the mills, iron
is a brave commodity where wood aboundeth.
Making of bay-salt, if the climate be proper for it,
would be put in experience: growing silk like-
wise, if any be, is a likely commodity: pitch and
tar, where store of firs and pines are, will not fail;
so drugs and sweet woods, where they are, can-
not but yield great profit; soap-ashes likewise,
and other things that may be thought of; but moil
not too much under ground, for the hope of mines
is very uncertain and useth to make the planters
lazy in other things. For government, let it be in
the hands of one, assisted with some counsel; and
let them have commission to exercise martial laws,
with some limitation; and, above all, let men
make that profit of being in the wilderness, as they
have God always, and his service before their eyes,
let not the government of the plantation depend
upon too many counsellors and undertakers in the
country that planteth, but upon a temperate num-
ber; and let those be rather noblemen and gentle-
men, than merchants; for they look ever to the
present gain: let there be freedoms from custom,
till the plantation be of strength; and not only
freedom from custom, but freedom to carry their
commodities where they may make their best of
them, except there be some special cause of cau-
tion. Cram not in people, by sending too fast, com-
pany after company; but rather hearken how
they waste, and send supplies proportionably;
but so as the number may live well in the planta-
tion, and not by surcharge be in penury. It hath

PLANTATIONS are amongst ancient, primitive, and heroical works. When the world was young, it begat more children; but now it is old, it begets fewer; for I may justly account new plantations to be the children of former kingdoms. I like a plantation in a pure soil; that is, where people are not displanted to the end to plant in others; for else it is rather an extirpation than a plantation. Planting of countries is like planting of woods; for you must make account to lose almost twenty years profit, and expect your recompense in the end for the principal thing that hath been the destruction of most plantations, hath been the base and hasty drawing of profit in the first years. It is true, speedy profit is not to be neglected, as far as may stand with the good of the plantation, but no further. It is a shameful and unblessed thing to take the scum of people and wicked condemned men, to be the people with whom you plant; and not only so, but it spoileth the plantation; for they will ever live like rogues, and not fall to work, but be lazy, and do mischief, and spend victuals, and be quickly weary, and then certify over to their country to the discredit of the plantation. The people wherewith you plant ought to be gardeners, ploughmen, labourers, smiths, carpenters, joiners, fishermen, fowlers, with some few apothecaries, surgeons, cooks, and bakers. In a country of plantation, first look about what kind of victual the country yields of itself to hand; as chestnuts, walnuts, pineapples, olives, dates, plums, cherries, wild honey, and the like, and make use of them. Then consider what victual, or esculent things there are which grow speedily and within the year:been a great endangering to the health of some as parsnips, carrots, turnips, onions, radish, arti- plantations, that they have built along the sea and chokes of Jerusalem, maize, and the like: for rivers in marish and unwholesome grounds: therewheat, barley, and oats, they ask too much labour; fore, though you begin there, to avoid carriage and but with pease and beans you may begin, both be- other like discommodities, yet build still rather cause they ask less labour, and because they serve upwards from the stream, than along. It concernfor meat as well as for bread; and of rice likewise eth likewise the health of the plantation that they cometh a great increase, and it is a kind of meat. have good store of salt with them, that they may Above all, there ought to be brought store biscuit, use it in their victuals when it shall be necessary. oatmeal, flour, meal, and the like, in the begin-If you plant where savages are, do not only enterning, till bread may be had. For beasts, or birds, take chiefly such as are least subject to diseases, and multiply fastest; as swine, goats, cocks, hens, turkeys, geese, house-doves, and the like. The victual in plantations ought to be expended almost as in a besieged town; that is, with certain allowance and let the main part of the ground employed to gardens or corn, be to a common stock; VOL. I —f

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tain them with trifles and gingles, but use them justly and graciously, with sufficient guard never theless; and do not win their favour by helping them to invade their enemies, but for their defence it is not amiss: and send oft of them over to the country that plants, that they may see a better condition than their own, and commend it when they re turn. When the plantation grows to strength, then

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it is time to plant with women as well as with | taining of riches; for it is our great mother's men; that the plantation may spread into generations, and not be ever pieced from without. It is the sinfullest thing in the world to forsake or destitute a plantation once in forwardness; for, besides the dishonour, it is the guiltiness of blood of many commiserable persons.

XXXIV. OF RICHES.

blessing, the earth's; but it is slow; and yet,
where men of great wealth do stoop to husband-
ry, it multiplieth riches exceedingly. I knew a
nobleman in England that had the greatest audits
of any man in my time, a great grazier, a great
sheep master, a great timber man, a great collier,
a great corn master, a great lead man, and so of
iron, and a number of the like points of hus-
bandry; so as the earth seemed a sea to him in
respect of the perpetual importation. It was truly
observed by one,
"That himself came very
hardly to a little riches, and very easily to great
riches;" for when a man's stock is come to that,
that he can expect the prime of markets, and
overcome those bargains, which for their great-
ness are few men's money, and be partner in the
industries of younger men, he cannot but increase
mainly. The gains of ordinary trades and voca-
tions are honest, and furthered by two things,
chiefly, by diligence, and by a good name for
good and fair dealing; but the gains of bargains
are of a more doubtful nature, when men shall
wait upon others' necessity; broke by servants
and instruments to draw them on; put off others
cunningly that would be better chapmen, and the

I CANNOT call riches better than the baggage of virtue; the Roman word is better, "impedimenta;" for as the baggage is to an army, so is riches to virtue; it cannot be spared nor left behind, but it hindereth the march; yea, and the care of it sometimes loseth or disturbeth the victory; of great riches there is no real use, except it be in the distribution; the rest is but conceit; so saith Solomon, "Where much is, there are many to consume it; and what hath the owner but the sight of it with his eyes ?" The personal fruition in any man cannot reach to feel great riches: there is a custody of them; or a power of dole and donative of them; or a fame of them; but no solid use to the owner. Do you not see what feigned prices are set upon little stones and rarities? and what works of ostentation are un-like practices, which are crafty and naughty; as dertaken, because there might seem to be some use of great riches? But then you will say, they may be of use to buy men out of dangers or troubles; as Solomon saith, "Riches are as a strong hold in the imagination of the rich man ;" but this is excellently expressed, that it is in imagination, and not always in fact: for, certainly, great riches have sold more men than they have bought out. Seek not proud riches, but such as thou mayest get justly, use soberly, distribute cheerfully, and leave contentedly; yet have no abstract or friarly contempt of them; but distinguish, as Cicero saith well of Rabirius Posthumus, "in studio rei amplificandæ apparebat, non avaritiæ prædam, sed instrumentum bonitati quæri." Hearken also to Solomon, and beware of hasty gathering of riches; "Qui festinat ad divitias, non erit insons." The poets feign that when Plutus (which is riches) is sent from Jupiter, he limps, and goes slowly; but when he is sent from Pluto, he runs, and is swift of foot; meaning, that riches gotten by good means and just labour pace slowly; but when they come by the death of others (as by the course of inheritance, testaments, and the like,) they come tumbling upon a man: but it might be applied likewise to Pluto, taking him for the devil: for when riches come from the devil, (as by fraud and oppression, and unjust means,) they come upon speed. The ways to enrich are many, and most of them foul: parsimony is one of the best, and yet is not innocent; for it withholdeth men from works of liberality and charity. The improvement of the ground is the most natural ob

for the chopping of bargains, when a man buys not to hold, but to sell over again, that commonly grindeth double, both upon the seller and upon the buyer. Sharings do greatly enrich, if the hands be well chosen that are trusted. Usury is the certainest means of gain, though one of the worst, as that whereby a man doth eat his bread, "in sudore vultûs alieni ;" and besides, doth plough upon Sundays: but yet certain though it be, it hath flaws; for that the scriveners and brokers do value unsound men to serve their own turn. The fortune, in being the first in an invention, or in a privilege, doth cause sometimes a wonderful overgrowth in riches, as it was with the first sugar man in the Canaries: therefore, if a man can play the true logician, to have as well judgment as invention, he may do great matters, especially if the times be fit: he that resteth upon gains certain, shall hardly grow to great riches and he that puts all upon adventures, doth oftentimes break and come to poverty: it is good, therefore, to guard adventures with certainties that may uphold losses. Monopolies, and coemption of wares for re-sale, where they are not restrained, are great means to enrich; especially if the party have intelligence what things are likely to comε into request, and so store himself beforehand. Riches gotten by service, though it be of the best rise, yet when they are gotten by flattery, feeding humours, and other servile conditions, they may be placed amongst the worst. As for fishing for testaments and executorships, (as Tacitus saith of Seneca, "testamenta et orbus tamquam indagine capi,") it is yet worse, by how much men submit

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