The Mind.

2. Of the erroneous opinions upon fascination.

1. Division: 1st. As to the origin of the mind. 2d. 3. Inquiry how to fortify the imagination. 4. The only defect in this subject is as to not distinguishing its extent.2

As to its faculties.

The Origin of the Mind......... 205

1 To this appertains the consideration of the origin of the soul and its faculties.

2. This subject may be more diligently inquired than

THE USE AND OBJECT OF THE FACULTIES OF man 206 1. Division of this knowledge: 1st. Relating to the understanding. 2d. Relating to the will.

it hath been in philosophy: but it is referable 2. The understanding produces decrees; the will acto divinity.

3. Appendices to this knowledge: 1. Divination. 2.

Fascination.

2. Natural. 1. Native.

22. By Influxion.

Artificial Divination.

206

2. Artificial is a prediction by argument, concluding upon signs and tokens.

3. Division: 1st. Rational. 2d. Superstitious.

4. Rational artificial divination is when the argument 3.
is coupled with a derivation of causes.

The astronomer hath his predictions, as of
conjunctions, aspects, eclipses, and the like.
The physician hath his predictions of death,
of recovery, of the accidents and issues of dis- 1.
eases. The politician hath his predictions;
"O urbem venalem, et cito perituram, si
emptorem invenerit!" which stayed not long
to be performed, in Sylla first, and after in
Cæsar.

5. Superstitious artificial divination is when there is a
mere casual coincidence of the event and pre-
diction.

Such as were the heathen observations upon 2.
the inspection of sacrifices, the flights of birds,
the swarming of bees; and such as was the
Chaldean astrology, and the like.

6. Artificial divination is not proper to this place, but
should be referred to the sciences to which it
appertains.

tions.

This Janus of imagination hath differing faces; for the face towards reason hath the print of truth, but the face towards action hath the print of good; which nevertheless are faces,

"Quales decet esse sororum."

1. Division.

Invention....

1. Of arts and sciences.
2. Of arguments.

207

207

2. The art of inventing arts and sciences is deficient. This is such a deficience as if, in the muking of an inventory touching the state of a defunct, it should be set down, that there is no ready money. For as money will fetch all other commodities, so this knowledge is that which should purchase all the rest. And like as the West Indies had never been discovered, if the use of the mariner's needle had not been first discovered, though the one be vast regions, and the other a small motion; so it cannot be found strange if sciences be no further discovered, if the art itself of invenProofs that the art of inventing arts and sciences is tion and discovery hath been passed over. deficient.

6. Divination of influxion' is furthered by abstinence. 3. 7. Native divination is accompanied by repose and quiet divination by influxion is fervent and impatient.

Fascination.

206 1. It is the power of imagination upon other bodies than the body of the imaginant.

'Query, Whether divination by influxion is not descriptive of the feeling which influences the benevolent and orderly class of society called Quakers?

1. Their logic does not pretend to invent sciences or axioms.. 207 Men are rather beholden to a wild goat for surgery, or to a nightingale for music, or to the ibis for some part of physic, or to the pot

2 Here, in the Treatise De Augmentis, is an extensive addition upon Voluntary Motion-Sense and Sensibility-Perception and Sense-The Form of Light.

lid that flew open for artillery, or generally
to chance, or any thing else, than to logic, for
the invention of arts and sciences.

It was no marvel, the manner of antiquity
being to consecrate inventors, that the Egyp-
tians had so few human idols in their temples,
but almost all brute.

his shop, but only work as he is bespoken, he should be weakly customed.

Our Saviour, speaking of divine knowledge, saith, that the kingdom of heaven is like u good householder, that bringeth forth both new and old store.

3. This subject is more fully investigated under the head of rhetoric.

Suggestion

209

Who taught the raven in a drought to throw
pebbles into a hollow tree, where she espied
water, that the water might rise so as she
might come to it? Who taught the bee to sail 1. It directs the mind to certain marks, as a mode of
through such a vast sea of air, and to find the
exciting it to the production of acquired know-
way from a field in flower, a great way off,
ledge.

to her hive? Who taught the ant to bite every 2. Different sorts of topics: 1. General. 2. Particular.
grain of corn that she burieth in her hill, lest
it should take root and grow?

2. The forms of induction which logic pro-
pounds is defective........ 208

To conclude upon an enumeration of par-
ticulars, without instance contradictory, is no
conclusion, but a conjecture; for who can as-
sure, in many subjects upon those particulars
which appear of a side, that there are not
other on the contrary side which appear not?
As if Samuel should have rested upon those

General Suggestion.

1. Its uses are to furnish arguments to dispute probably to minister to our judgments: to conclude right, and to direct our inquiries.

A faculty of wise interrogating is half a knowledge. For as Plato saith, "Whosoever seeketh, knoweth that which he seeketh for in a general notion; else how shall he know it when he hath found it ?"

Particular Suggestion.

sons of Jesse which were brought before him, 1. It is a direction of invention in every particular
and failed of David, who was absent in the
field.

3. Allowing some axioms to be rightly in-
duced, middle propositions cannot be
inferred from them in subject of nature
by syllogism.

knowledge.

2. Ars inveniendi adolescit cum inventis.

In going of a way, we do not only gain that part of the way which is passed, but we gain the better sight of that part of the way which remaineth.

1. It relates to the nature of proofs and demonstrations.
Different modes of judging: 1. By induction,
which is referred to the Novum Organum
By syllogism.

Here was their chief error; they charged
the deceit upon the senses; which in my
judgment, notwithstanding all their cavilla-
tions, are very sufficient to certify and report 2.
truth, though not always immediately, yet by
comparison, by help of instrument, and by
producing and urging such things as are too
subtile for the sense, to some effect comprehen- 1.
sible by the sense, and other like assistance.
But they ought to have charged the deceit upon
the weakness of the intellectual powers, and
upon the manner of collecting and concluding
upon the reports of the senses.

4. Bacon's intention to propound the art of inventing
arts and sciences by two modes: 1st. Experi-
entia literata. 2d. Interpretatio naturæ.1

1. It is the storing arguments on such things as are 4. frequently discussed.

2. It consists chiefly of diligence.

Aristotle, said the sophists, "did as if one

2.

The nature of man doth extremely covet to have somewhat in his understanding fixed and immoveable, and as a rest and support of the mind. And therefore as Aristotle endeavoureth to prove, that in all motion there is some point quiescent; and as he elegantly expoundeth the ancient fable of Atlas, that stood fixed, and bare up the heaven from falling, to be meant of the poles or axle-tree of heaven, whereupon the conversion is accomplished; so assuredly men have a desire to have an Atlas or axle-tree within, to keep them from fluctuation.

The art of judging by syllogism is the reduction of propositions to principles by an agreed middle

term.

Syllogisms are direct, or ex absurdo.

Division of the art of judgment: 1st. The analytic art. 2. The doctrine of elenches.

The Analytic Art.

that professed the art of shoemaking should 5. It is for direction.

not teach how to make a shoe, but only exhibit, 6. It sets down the true form of arguments, from which any deviation leads to error.

in a readiness, a number of shoes of all fash-
ions and sizes." But yet a man might reply,

The Doctrine of Elenches........ 210

that if a shoemaker should have no shoes in 7. It is for caution to detect fallacies.

1 The Experientia Literata is contained in the Treatise Do Augmentis; and his Interpretatio Naturæ constitutes his Novum Organum.

In the more gross sorts of fallacies it happeneth, as Seneca maketh the comparison well, as in juggling feats, which though we know

not how they are done, yet we know well it is
not as it seemeth to be.

8. Elenches are well laboured by Plato and Aristotle.
9 The virtuous use of this knowledge is to redargue
sophisms: the corrupt use for caption and con-
tradiction.

The difference is good which was made be-
tween orators and sophisters that the one is as
the greyhound, which hath his advantage in 21.
the race, and the other as the hare, which hath
her advantage in the turn.

10. Elenches extend to divers parts of knowledge.
11. The references touching the common adjuncts of
essences is an elench.

12. Seducements that work by the strength of im

pression are elenches..

13. Elenches of idols.

211

3. Sophism.

4. Congruity

The rigour and curiosity in requiring the more severe proofs in some things, and chiefly the facility in contenting ourselves with the more remiss proofs in others, hath been amongst the greatest causes of detriment and hinderance to knowledge. This is deficient.

MEMORY5

Retaining knowledge is by writing or memory.

Writing.

212

The nature of the character is referred to grammar. The disposition of our knowledge depends upon common-places.

Of common-places injuring the memory.

The mind of man, which I find not obBecause it is but a counterfeit thing in served or inquired at all, and think good to knowledges to be forward and pregnant, explace here, as that which of all others appercept a man be deep and full, I hold the entry taineth most to rectify judgment: the force of common-places, to be a matter of great use whereof is such, as it doth not dazzle or snare and essence in studying, as that which asthe understanding in some particulars, but sureth "copia" of invention, and contracteth doth more generally and inwardly infect and corrupt the state thereof. For the mind of The mode of common-placing is defective. judgment to a strength. man is far from the nature of a clear and equal glass, wherein the beams of things should reflect according to their true incidence; nay, it is rather like an enchanted glass, full of superstition and imposture, if it be not delivered and reduced.

14. The mind is more affected by affirmatives than negatives.

As was well answered by Diagoras to him that showed him in Neptune's temple the greater number of pictures of such as had escaped shipwreck and had paid their vows to Neptune, saying, "Advise now, you that think it folly to invocate Neptune in tempest:" Yea, but," said Diagoras, "where are they painted that are drowned ?"

Memory.

212

It is weakly inquired.
Precepts for memory have been exalted for ostentation,

15. The mind supposes a greater equality then exists.2
The mathematicians cannot satisfy them-
selves, except they reduce the motions of the
celestial bodies to perfect circles, rejecting
spiral lines, and labouring to be discharged Art
of eccentrics.

16 The mind is prejudiced by the false appearances
imposed by every man's own individual nature
and custom3.

211

If a child were continued in a grot or cave under the earth until maturity of age, and came suddenly abroad, he would have strange and absurd imaginations. So in like manner, although our persons live in the view of heaven, yet our spirits are included in the caves of our own complexions and customs, which minister unto us infinite errors and vain opinions, if they be not recalled to examina

not for use.

I make no more estimate of repeating a great number of names or words upon once hearing, or the pouring forth of a number of verses or rhymes ex tempore, or the making of a satirical simile of every thing, or the turning of every thing to a jest, or the falsifying or contradicting of every thing by cavil, or the like, (whereof in the faculties of the mind there is great" copia," and such as by device and practice may be exalted to an extreme degree of wonder,) than I do of the tricks of tumblers, funambuloes, baladines; the one being the same in the mind that the other is in the body, matters of strangeness without worthiness.

of memory is built upon prenotion and emblem. Prenotion is a limitation of an indefinite seeking by directing us to seek in a narrow compass. Emblem reduces conceits intellectual to images sensible.

212

as they are the footsteps of reason...... 213 1. Eloquence is in reality inferior to wisdom; but in First Method. Magistral which teaches, or initiative

that receiveth knowledge, desireth rather pre- 2. The deficiences in eloquence are rather in some

be spun on, ought to be delivered and inti- 4. The disturbers of reason are fallacies of arguments:
mated, if it were possible, in the same method assiduity of impression, and violence of pas-
wherein it was invented; and so is it possible
of knowledge induced.

It is in knowledge as it is in plants; if you
mean to use the plant, it is no matter for the 6.
roots; but if you mean to remove it to grow,
then it is more assured to rest upon roots than
slips so the delivery of knowledges, as it is
now used, is as of fair bodies of trees without
the roots; good for the carpenter, but not for
the planter. But if you will have sciences
grow, it is less matter for the shaft or body of
the tree, so you look well to the taking up of
the roots.

It is one method to practise swimming with The bladders, and another to practise dancing with heavy shoes.

3. The application of learning according to the mind to be instructed.

There is no defect in the faculties intellectual, but seemeth to have a proper cure contained in some studies: as, for example, if a child be bird-witted, that is, hath not the faculty of attention, the mathematics giveth a remedy thereunto; for in them, if the wit be caught away but a moment, one is to begin

As the wronging or cherishing of seeds or young plants is that that is most important to their thriving: so the culture and manu- 7. rance of minds in youth hath such a forcible, though unseen, operation, as hardly any length of time or contention of labour can countervail it afterwards.