2. This word, while it is the typical conjunction, is often used merely to introduce a sentence. In such cases it is really an expletive.

3. The subordinate conjunction connects the subordinate clause to that word in the principal sentence which led to the use of this clause.

4. The word than always joins the subordinate sentence to the comparative (adjective or adverb) in the principal sen

tence.

5. It is always an adverbial element since it modifies an adjective or adverb.

PARSING.

1. James and Henry are playing.
2. The shadow came and went.

3. He is kind and true.

4. The boy studies that he may learn.

5. One man is as good as another.

6. "If you love me keep my commandments.

7. He is older than I am.

8. We have neither silver nor gold.

9. Have you seen the place where I have been?
10. He is modest yet he is brave.
11. He walks as if he were lame.

12. I will not go unless you come.

The subordinate clause is not all expressed. After the words as and than, some parts of the clause are frequently omitted by ellipsis.

1. Definition.

2. Classification.

LESSON X.

THE INTERJECTION.

1. Special Words Expressing,—

1. Surprise; 2. Pain; 3. Pleasure; Etc.

3. Words Imitating Natural Sounds;

4. Other Parts of Speech;

5. Sentences.

SUPPLEMENTARY.

QUESTIONS.

1. What is the etymological meaning of interjection? 2. Is the interjection really a part of speech?

3. Can you give rules for the correct uses of the interjections O, and Oh?

4. Give examples of words imitating natural sounds.
5. Why is the science of grammar so called?
6. Who was "The Father of English Grammar?"
7. Who wrote the first grammar ?

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8. Formerly the word NOUN was applied to what are now two separate parts of speech. Can you name them? 9. What are the independent parts of speech?" 10. Some grammarians make a separate part of speech of the words YES and NO. What is it called?

11. Can you give a history of the science of grammar?

ANSWERS.

1. It means thrown in between, which indicates that it is some intensive expression of feeling which has somewhat the force of a gesture. The interjection has no grammati

cal connection with the rest of the sentence.

2. The interjection is not a part of speech, nevertheless, it is a part of language. Philologists say that it was the primitive speech of the human race, by means of which ideas and emotions were first communicated from one to

another. This subject has been investigated by Max Müller, and others, and is an intensely interesting topic. The student of grammar should read the articles on philology and grammar in some of the standard cyclopedias.

3. The interjection O should be used in address, and in invocation. Oh should be used to express strong emotion. O should never be followed by the exclamation point, while the point should always follow Oh when the exclamation ends with it.

4. The words bang, pop, hiss, and ding-dong, are examples of this class.

5. The word grammar comes from the Greek word gramma, a letter. Those who taught letters to boys (girls were not taught then) were called Grammatici.

6. Lindley Murray, who published a grammar of the English language in 1795, is so called. This grammar was the standard text book of our language for more than half

a century.

7. Dionysius Thrax, an Alexandrian scholar, published a Greek grammar, in 80 B. C., for the use of the boys at Rome who wished to learn the Greek language.

8. It included what are now noun and adjective. The former was called NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE, and the latter NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

9. The noun, pronoun and verb are the three independent parts of speech because they can form sentences with

out the use of others.

10. It is called the RESPONSIVE.

11. Zenodotus and Aristarchus, Grecian scholars, were the first to reduce the study of language to a science. The Romans modeled their grammars after the Greek grammar published by Thrax. From these the modern grammars of Europe and America have sprung.

The Greeks divided

words into eight parts of speech. These were the noun, verb, participle, article, pronoun, preposition, adverb and conjunction. The Romans changed this classification by dropping the article, and dividing the noun into substantive and adjective. They made the interjection a part of grammar. English grammar has adopted the divisions made by the Romans and reinstated the article.