into the clauses of which they are abridgments. If the clause is nominative or objective the infinitive or participle is a noun; if pronominal, it is an adjective; if adverbial, it is an adverb.

14. This is only another word for inflections. With the verb it means conjugation.

15. This word is derived from two Latin words, con, meaning together, and jungere meaning to yoke. This makes the word mean to yoke together.

16. They are often called unipersonal. The verb is always used in the same (third) person; hence, the name unipersonal.

17. The noun and the verb are the oldest parts of speech. Others, as the adjective, adverb, and preposition, were developed at later periods to help make clear the meaning of these. The pronoun was made as a substitute for nouns, while the participle and infinitive were derived from the verb directly.

18. The infinitives and even the participles are parsed by some as having subjects. The best authorities, however, it seems, do not sanction this. The infinitives, as the name indicates, express the general idea of action, being or condition, without limitation as to any person or number. The participle has even less claim to a subject than the infinitive.

19. Auxiliaries are always used with the perfect participle, and never with the past tense of the verb. Example: He went home when he had finished the work.

20. A verbal is a word derived from a verb and used as a noun. By some it is given a wider range, and made to assume the functions of adjectives and adverbs.

PARSING.

1. The boy studies his lesson.
2. They have left us nothing.
3. When will you come?
4. If he were wise he would go.
5. James and John came to town.
6. The man was bitten by the dog.
7. Reward the diligent.

8. The lawyer became a soldier.

9. The ship was beautiful.

10. He might come if he were permitted.
11. Mathematics is an exact science.
12. The boy was laughed at.

13. He dreamed a dream.

14. The harvest seems to be great.

15. The field plows hard where we played ball.
16. He runs a train on that road.

17. They or I am responsible for this.

NOTES. You may also be plural. Since the singular and plural forms of you are the same its number is often indeterminate. Every passive verb is transitive, as only transitive verbs have voice. 3 The subject of the imperative is often omitted. 4 See Note 7, Lesson V. The copula is intransitive. 5 This word is plural in form but singular in meaning. The best disposition of such expressions is to parse them as one (compound) verb. 7 Intransitive verbs become transitive when followed by a noun of kindred signification. 8 This is called a strengthened copula. 9 This may

seem to the learner to be a transitive verb. The word ball is not the object, but the instrument by means of which we played." 10 A verb with two or more subjects connected by or or nor, agrees with the one nearest to it.

INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES.

PARSING.

1. To play is pleasant.

2. Playing is pleasant.

3. Learning a little enables us to learn more.
4. I ordered him to go.

5. He intends to return the book.

6. The boy studies to learn.

7. I wish to be a teacher.

8. The army defeated returned.

9. Flee from the wrath to come.

10. The man standing on the shore is a sailor.
11. He endeavors to climb the mountains.

12. To strive is to succeed.

13. I saw a meteor vanish in the cloud.

14. The garment having faded was cast aside.
15. I heard him deliver a sermon.

16. The rain threatening to fall, we returned.

NOTES.-There is a difference between a participle used as an adjective, and a participial adjective. The latter stands before the noun it limits, and can not take the modifiers of a verb. The former comes after the noun, and can take all the modifiers of a verb. 2 These participles are often spoken of as present active participles "but this does not mean active voice. Voice properly belongs to finite verbs as they alone have subjects.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

NOUN, ADJECTIVE, PRONOUN, AND VERB.

1. The air 'was filled with swarms of insects.
2. He, 'whose letter you read, is my brother.
3. Where are the 'Newtons of the present day?
4. "Is the young 'man, Absolom, safe?

5. He began to go 'fishing at the age of ten.

6. The water came rushing down the mountain.
7. He felt his heart beating faster as he began "to

ascend the steep cliff.

10

8. They stood "shivering in the cold December blast. 9. "This was the execution of Sir Thomas Moore, an "act which sounded out into the far corners of the earth." 10. "To these gifts of nature Napoleon added the advantage of "having been born to a private and humble fortune."

11. "After this he lifted up his head, and "seeing the moon 16rising, walked toward the palace."

12. "He had some ingenious men among his friends, who amused themselves by writing little pieces for this paper."

13. Paying a lawyer in any court, we pay over again 18 what we have paid before."

14. "I love the old melodious lays, which softly melt the "ages through."

15. "The struggling tides of life that seem

In wayward, aimless course 2oto trend,
Are eddies of the mighty stream

That rolls to its appointed end."

16. 21 Soldier, "rest! thy "warfare o'er,

24Sleep the sleep that knows not breaking; Dream of battled fields "no more,

27Days of danger, nights of waking."

17. 28 To minstrel meditation given,

His reverend brow was raised to heaven,

29 As from the rising sun to claim
A sparkle of inspiring flame.

SUGGESTIONS.

1. Was filled is a transitive verb. Every verb in the passive voice is transitive; its object is in the subject. 2. Insects is neuter gender. 3. Relative clauses are, by most writers and printers, set off by commas. This is a great help in determining the grammatical relation. 4. A noun used in this way, is a common noun. 5. Man is the subject of is. In an interrogative sentence, the subject follows the verb. 6. To go is used as a noun, the object of began. 7. Fishing is a participle used as a noun, the object of a preposition understood. It was formerly, and is even now, written, a-fishing. 8. It is a disputed point as to whether the use of the participle in this sense is adjective or adverbial. The writer inclines to the opinion that it is an adjective. 9. Beating is an adjective, modifies heart. 10. As is a conjunctive adverb. 11. The same as to go. 12. Shivering is an adjective, modifies They. 13. Act is nominative, in apposition with execution. 14. Having been born is a noun, object of of. 15. Seeing is an adjective, modifies he. 16. Rising modifies moon. 17. Paying is an adjective, modifies we (in the first line). 18. What is a double relative pronoun, equivalent to that which. That is used as a noun, object of pay. Which is the object of have paid. 19. Ages is the object of through. 20. The disposition of to tend is rather difficult in this construction. Its use seems to be that of an adverb, for expanding it into the clause of which it is an abridgment, we would have, "that seem as if they tend in wayward, aimless course." In this case the clause introduced by as if modifies seem. 21. Soldier is in the nominative absolute case. 22. The subject of rest is understood. 23. Warfare is the subject of is understood. 24. The subject of sleep is understood. Sleep is transitive in this case. See note 7. 25. Breaking is a noun, the object of knows. 26. No is an adverb, modifies more, which is also an adverb. 27. Days and nights are in the same construction as fields. 28. The full form of this line is, To minstrel meditation [he was] given. 29. The full form is, As [if] from the rising sun [he wished] to claim.