feminine; while those distinguished for majesty, strength, or other masculine qualities are regarded as masculine. 6. Enallage is the use of one form for another.

7. We did not know of you going. In this case the objective is used for the possessive. Methinks I know

him. Here the objective is used for the nominative. Read the sentence making slight pauses after was and Pharaoh's.

8. Yes.

9. The term inflection, which means the variation which a word undergoes to show different meanings and relations to other words. The inflection of a noun to show differences in number and case is called declension. Inflection is a general word, declension is a specific word.

10. The word Nominative is a Latin derivative and means the Naming (case).

11. It is called the Genitive case. It was formerly known by this name in the English (Anglo-Saxon) language.

The expression, King's palace was then written, Kingis palace. The vowel in the ending of the word was afterward dropped, and its place marked by the apostrophe.

12. A peculiar form of expression in a language is called an idiom. The following is an example: There are four windows in the house. The regular form would be: Four windows are in the house.

13. A noun can be tested in four ways: Try it 'as a subject, as the object of a transitive verb, as the object of a preposition, as capable of being qualified by an adjective. 14. There were four cases, called, Nominative, Genitive, Dative, and Accusative. The following are the forms, and case meanings, of the noun fisc, fish.

The first corresponds to our nominative use; the second expresses possession, and corresponds to our modern objective with of the third expresses the relations indicated by our prepositions to and for; the fourth is the direct

object of a verb. Other relations were indicated by the use of prepositions.

15. Gender and sex are almost identical in English. All nouns except personified nouns, which do not represent objects having life, are called neuter. In other languages this is not the case. The word table, which is neuter in English, is FEMININE in Latin, and MASCULINE in German.

PARSING.

1. The soldier became a statesman.

2. The army fought bravely but it was defeated.
3. The sun's light is reflected from the planets.
4. He beheld the shining of the star.

5. The man's name is Jones.

6. That letter is A.

7. This was Cæsar's maxim, the greatest soldier of

his day.

8. The Indians came in Indian-file.

9. They went home yesterday.

10. I heard the cannon roar.

NOTES: 'The word army is a unit—a thing—and hence is neuter gender. The word sun's may also be parsed as a proper noun, since this is the sun of our solar system. Masculine and feminine by personification. The idea of name is the more prominent here. 5A noun in apposition with a noun in the possessive does not require the sign of possession. (Harvey, p. 194.) "This is a case of enallage for the possessive.

SUPPLEMENTARY.

QUESTIONS.

1. What two adjectives in our language have singular and plural forms?

2. There is one adjective which always follows the noun it limits. Can you tell what it is?

3. How would you form the possessive case of a noun modified by else?

4. Some words which are adjectives in the comparative and superlative degrees, are adverbs in the positive degree. Can you name some of them?

5. Can you give some superlative adjectives which have no positive or comparative degrees?

6. What is the origin of the articles?

7. Can such words as, round, white, right, and dead, be compared?

8. In such expressions as a-fishing, a-running, is the a an adjective?

9. Can you give a rule for the use of the comparative degree of an adjective with the word than?

10. When the is used before a comparative what part of speech does it become?

11. What adjectives of more than one syllable are compared by adding er and est?

12. Why are some adjectives regular in forming their comparative degrees while others are irregular?

13. Can you explain the use and construction of adjectives in other languages?

ANSWERS.

1. This and that. Plural forms are these and those. 2. It is the adjective else.

3. The noun and its modifier are taken as one expression, and the sign of the possessive is annexed to the last word. Some authorities annex the sign to the noun.

4. The following are words of this class: Up, upper, uppermost; in, inner, innermost; and out, outer, outermost.

5. The words, hindmost, midmost. endmost, and topmost, are words of this class.

6. The definite article THE is a weakened form of the word THAT. It refers to nouns in the same, though less emphatic, manner. For this reason the word the cannot represent a noun understood, as may be readily done by means of that. The indefinite article A is a weakened form of ONE (written ANE in Anglo-Saxon), and though it is really a numeral adjective, yet it does not make the idea of number so prominent as the word from which it comes.

7. If these words are taken in their absolute signification, none of them can be compared. But such words as, round and white, when applied to material substances, are not used in their absolute sense. Nothing with which we are acquainted is perfectly round or white. As concepts of the mind they may be taken in their absolute meaning. 8. In these expressions, the a is a kind of preposition and has not in any way the signification of an adjective, either article or numeral.

9. The object compared must be excluded from the objects with which it is compared. The following is an example: He is older than any one else in the city. It would not be correct to say: He is older than any one in the city.

10. When the is used before a comparative not followed by a noun, it is an abverb. Example: The deeper the well, the cooler the water.

11. Adjectives ending in y, ow, or le, and those accented on the second syllable usually add er and est in comparison. Examples: Early, able, narrow, and sublime.

12. It is very probable that in prehistoric times, when human speech was in its earliest stages of development, that the words used were not made to conform to any rules. Hence, such words as good and bad, which were among the first to be used by the human race, were not modified to express different degrees of the same quality, but a different word was used for each degree. Words that were coined at a later period, when certain laws of language had been formulated, were formed regularly, so as to avoid the great multiplicity of words.

13. In the German, the adjective stands before the noun it limits the same as in the English, but is modified to agree