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constricted, the edges of the vocal cords being approximated and made parallel, and the margins of the arytenoid cartilages being brought into contact. The degree of tension of the cords and approximation of the muscles are in direct ratio to the height of the note produced. The false vocal cords are situated above the true they are considerably weaker, and are not directly concerned in the production of the voice.

Five muscles are connected with the vocal cords and the rima glottidis, viz., crico-thyroid, crico-arytenoideus posticus, crico-arytenoideus lateralis, arytenoideus, and thyro-arytenoideus.

The Trachea is a cartilaginous and membraneous cylindrical tube. It descends from the lower portion of the larynx, and reaches the lungs in two ramifications or bronchi. It is about four and a half inches in length. Its diameter varies from three quarters of an inch to an inch, being always smaller in the female than the male. The trachea is chiefly composed of fibrous membrane, muscular fibres, and imperfect cartilaginous rings. The rings vary from sixteen to twenty in number, and each surrounds about two thirds of the cylinder of the trachea, each imperfect ring of cartilage being completed by fibrous membrane behind. The first cartilage of the trachea is connected with the lower border of the cricoid cartilage; it is broader than the rest, and is sometimes divided at one end. The rings are highly elastic, and have little tendency to ossify. Most of the cartilages of the larynx become more or less ossified in advanced life.

CHAPTER II.

ELOCUTION FOUNDED UPON ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES.

THE first step to correct and elegant orthoepy is an appreciative understanding of the relative bearing and comparative function of each individual word in the sentence. The attention and judgment must act reciprocally to the utterance. In a properly constructed sentence each word has its own inconvertible function, its bearing upon the collection of word-symbols which stand for the meaning to be thereby conveyed. But in their comparative functions, in symboling out the sense, there is much disparity. To take judicious account of this disparity is the primary object of all elecutionary training. Reading proper is not a verbal enumeration of word-symbols grammatically so arranged that they may imply a particular sense; for written language is imperfect to such a degree that mere grammatical construction frequently involves ambiguity. Mere words are not language. The result of their combination into sentences is, not infrequently, equivocal without the aid of inflexion, and sometimes without the complement of gesture.

a Will you please shut the door? a simple request.

b Will' you please shut the door ?=imperative.

c Will' you please shut the door?=imperative heightened.

d Will you' please shut the door? you and not your friend.

e Will you' please shut the door ?=the same strengthened.

f Will you please' shut the door?=only if it is strictly your pleasure.

g Will you please' shut the door ?=or shall I force you?

h Will you please shut' the door?- (just by way of experiment, shut this door we have been speaking of.

i Will you please shut the door ?=and not open it.

j Will you please shut the door?=the principal door.

k Will you please shut the door' ?=for its being open annoys me much. for it is highly improper to leave it

7 Will you please shut the door'?

open.

m Will you please shut the door'?=

(with a short pause after the article), the door and not the window.

We see the printed sentence, will you shut the door? is capable of thirteen distinct constructions, and even these thirteen meanings might be ramified in proportion as the voice is exasperated or complacent or pitched in any of the intermediate intonations. For instance, in example ƒ, without changing either the emphasis or the inflection, but merely by exasperating the emphasised word, the sentence might come to signify something very different from a polite entreaty. Again, in example k, without changing either the emphasis or the inflection, a character of intonation might be put upon the emphasised word, which would make the sentence savour strongly of snarling, while another character of intonation would invest it with the nature of querulous complaint. The same rule applies to the rest of the examples.

If words grammatically arranged into sentences were complete language, then the science of Elocution could be reduced to a few arbitrary rules. But, as we have seen, words arranged into sentences are only language proper when combined with the complement of tone and gesture. However, the GRAMMATICAL emphasis of a sentence is to such a degree reciprocal with the emphasis of SENSE as to render it of high importance in the study of rhetoric. It may be defined as the proper rendering of a sentence taken apart from the context, in which every word has its inflection and intonation according to its removes from the principal parts of the sentence. This method by itself secures pointed and perspicuous sense, but it may not be the sense

the author meant to convey, and it may want much of the passion and power with which it may be invested by the EMPHASIS OF SENSE. GRAMMATICAL EMPHASIS resolves itself into a mental detailed analysis of sentences, keeping pace with the utterance of the words. An incorrect or even general analysis is not adapted to the purpose, as may be seen from the following example :

:

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Sub. with Attribute. Predicate. Obj. with Pred. Exten. Exten. of the Pred.

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The

In column No. 1 we find " Power," the subject of the sentence, classed along with its qualifying attribute, "the Almighty;" but "power" has the grammatical or positional emphasis merely strong enough to make it conspicuous among the less important words of the sentence. power is the object we have to figure and contemplate, the great central object, and the other particles and members of the sentence merely set it in the light in which we are to regard it. But if "the Almighty," which is classed in the same column, be distinguished by precisely the same intonation and emphasis, it will detract from "Power" being a conspicuous and important word, for all our ideas of degree are through the medium of contrast. In column No. 3 "him" is the word with which power is immediately connected by the predicate, and as the subject acts upon it,

it is the object of the sentence and also a word with a positional emphasis. But, in an elocutionary point of view, it can have nothing in common with the predicate extensions with which it is classified. In the sentence its function is entirely different from theirs. In the same column even the predicate extensions themselves must have to some degree a varied intonation and inflection to afford a proper conception of their varied meaning. In the first place it is asserted that Satan was hurled headlong; in the next place it is asserted that he was hurled flaming, which attribute will require a slightly different inflection from the preceding one to suggest a distinct picture. Both these attributes answer to how was he hurled, but the succeeding phrase answers from whence was he hurled, and will consequently require a more decided change of tone and inflection than contradistinguished the two preceding attributes. The same conditions are applicable to the classification in column 4.

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Attrib. to 2. Sub. of Sen. Pred. of Sen. Obj. of Sen. Attrib. to 3. Attrib. to 3.

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Attrib. to 3. Attrib. to 3. Attrib. to 3. Attrib. to 3. Exten. of 10. Attrib. of 11.

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* Though 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, are attributes to 3, 5, and 6 answer to how, 8 and 9 to associated with what, 10 in what direction, 11 to what end, and 12 descriptive of 11, etherial and hideous might also be considered attributes of 7 and 8 respectively.

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