of Mayo, in the western part of Ire-
land, 196.

Capsule, the seed vessel of a plant, 246.
Caraccas. The northern part of South
America is divided into three repub-
lics, New Granada, Venezuela, and
Ecuador. Caraccas is the capital of
Venezuela. In 1812 a terrible earth-
quake destroyed 12,000 of its inhabit-
ants which, before that time, amount-
ed to 50,000, but now does not exceed
30,000. 152.
Caravanserai, a large building in eastern
countries, where travellers halt and
refresh themselves with whatever they
may have brought with them, there
being nothing like the inns of this
country. The caravanserai affords shel-
ter from the weather, and fresh water,
and sometimes cooking utensils, and
nothing more is ever looked for, 38.
Caribbee Islands, the name of the smaller
islands of the West Indies, often called
also the Antilles, and the Windward
and Leeward Islands. The name Ca-
ribbee is derived from Carib, the na-
tive name of their original inhabitants;
Antilles is the Spanish name; and
Windward and Leeward denote their
situation with regard to each other to
be either east or west, as the wind
usually blows from the east in that
part of the world. The Caribbee Is-
lands stretch in the form of a bow from
the northern part of South America to
St. Domingo or Hayti; are very nu-
merous, and principally belong to
Great Britain.

Caricature, a picture or statement found-

ed in truth, but in which any blemish
is exaggerated, 5.

Carmel, Mount, a mountain on the coast
of the Holy Land often mentioned in
the Scriptures. See 1 Kings xviii. 19.
Jerem. xLvi. 18. 97.

Carniola, a province of the Austrian em-
pire, of which Trieste on the Adria-
tic Sea, or Gulf of Venice, is the prin-
cipal place, 51.

Carolina, North and South, the name of
two of the United States of America,
lying on the coast of the Atlantic,
with Georgia to the north and Vir-
ginia to the south. It is a hot and
unhealthy country, 266.

Carrier-pigeon, described, 128.
Cashmere. The most extensive of the
alpine valleys of the Himalaya range
in Asia. It is 75 miles in length, and
from 15 to 36 in breadth. It was con-
quered by Runjeet Singh, chief of
Punjab, and is now possessed by his
descendants, 150.

Caspian Sea, is a salt lake or inland sea
of Central Asia, the largest of its kind
in the world. It lies between Russia
and Persia north and south, and Tar-
tary and the region of Caucasus east
and west, 196.

Cassava and tapioca, 251.
Cassiodorus. A Roman senator and
statesman, who flourished in the sixth
century of the Christian era, 229.
Castanets, a kind of musical instruments
used in Spain. They consist of two
hollowed pieces of wood, which are
fastened together on the thumb, and
beat with the middle finger, as an ac-
companiment to dances.

Caste. This word means a race of peo-
ple or tribe, and is used in speaking
of the Hindoos. They are divided
into four castes, to each of which be-
long certain professions which the
others never exercise, every man fol-
lowing the profession of his father.
The four castes are the Brahmins, or
priests, the Chehteree or military, the
Vaissya, or husbandmen and mer-
chants, and the Soodras, or labourers.
Beside these there is another class,
called Pariahs, or outcasts, consisting
of persons (or their descendants) who
have lost their caste by transgressing
some of the rules imposed upon them,
as to eating and drinking, or some such
matter. These Pariahs are held in
the utmost contempt by the other
castes, and treated with the greatest
cruelty and injustice.

Catalonia, a province in the north-east
of Spain, adjoining France, 190.
Caucasus, a chain of lofty mountains
stretching between the Black and the
Caspian Seas. The country is reckoned
as belonging to the Russian empire,
but the greater part is possessed by
tribes who have not yet been subdued.
Centurion, an officer of the Roman army,
who commanded one hundred men.
See Acts x. 1. 31.

Cerealia, in Botany, are the corn-bear-
ing grasses, 255.

Ceylon. One of the finest islands in the

world, and an important British settle-
ment near the southern extremity of
Hindustan. It contains 24,664 square
miles, and in 1833, a population of
1,126,808 souls. Its principal wealth
flows from the cultivation of cinna-
mon and cassia, the gardens of which
cover nearly 17,000 acres. The native
capital is Candy.

Eve's apple of Ceylon, 245.
On the Ceylon deer, 166.
Poisonous snakes of Ceylon, 192.
Chatodon, the curious fish of this name,
described, 156.

Chalmers, the Rev. T., Professor of Di-
vinity in the University of Edinburgh.

Anecdotes of Dr. I. Barrow, by, 15.
Champagne, a province in the east of
France, to the north of Burgundy, and
bordering on Flanders.
Champignon, described, 241.
Character the best security, 29.
Chard, a town in Somersetshire, about
12 miles from Yeovil, and 139 from
London, 79.

Charleroi, a town of Belgium, on the
borders of France, 60.

Charles the First of England, born 1600,
acceded 1625, beheaded at Whitehall
1649.

Death of his good little daughter
Anne, 8.

Charles the Second of England, born
1630, acceded 1660, died 1685.

Anecdote of, 8.

His shelter after the battle of Wor-
cester, 219.

Statute on fisheries, 209.
Charles the Fifth, Emperor of Germany,
was born at Ghent in Belgium, 1500,
and died 1558. Of great talents as a
soldier and ambition as a man, yet
his judgment failed him in the cause
of Martin Luther against the pope of
Rome. He sided with the latter, but
was compelled to grant to the Protes-
tants of Germany, that liberty of con-
science which he could no longer with-
hold, 23.

Chasseur ants of Trinidad, 191.

These ants are so called from chas-
seur, the French for a hunter, on ac-
count of their predatory habits.
Chaucer, usually termed the father of
English poetry, was born in London
about 1328. The Canterbury Tales
are his chief production, 243.
Chelsea, a village on the Thames, near
London, 237.

Cheltenham, a town in Gloucestershire,
95 miles from London; it is a fashion-
able watering place, and was often

visited by King George the Third and
his family, 8.

Chemistry is the science which treats
of those events and changes in natural
bodies, which are not accompanied by
motion which can be perceived by the

senses.

Chichester, a city in Sussex, 62 miles
from London, 31.

Chile, or Chili. See AMERICA.

Account of an earthquake in Chili,

272.

China, a very large country in the eas-
tern part of Asia, which with Thibet,
Chinese Tartary, and other neigh-
bouring countries depending on it,
forms one of the largest empires of the
world, and is by far the best peopled,
although there are great differences
among authors as to its real popula-
lation. It is bounded on the east
and south by the China Sea, has
Asiatic Russia on the north, and Siam,
Burmah, and British India on the
east. The Chinese are a very indus-
trious, clever, and orderly people, but
are unhappily ignorant of true reli-
gion, and averse to admitting strangers
to their country, 76.
Chinchilla, described, 155.
Chinese, filial affection of, 62.
Chromatic Scale. The scale or rule by
which the intervals between musical
notes are regulated.

Chrysalis. In entomology, insects in
the third, or pupa, stage of existence,
being sometimes tinged of a golden
yellow colour, were thus named by
the Greeks, the word in Greek being
chrusallis from chrusos, gold. In all
words derived from the Greek the let-
ter u is changed into y English.
Church Catechism. The last act of the
reign of Edward the Sixth, connected
with the Reformation, was one by
which the use of the larger Cate-
chism, since known by the name of
the Church Catechism, was author-
ized, and schoolmasters were directed
to teach it. This work was supposed to
have been compiled by Ponet, bishop
of Winchester, and was originally put
forth both in English and Latin.

How James Ferguson, the mathe-
matician, gained the first rudi-
ments of his knowledge from this
Catechism, 19.

Cilicia, a country of Asia Minor, the
capital of which was Tarsus, the birth-
place of St. Paul.

Cingalese, the native inhabitants of Cey-
lon, 193.

Circassia, the northern part of the Caucasian territory, on the borders of the Black Sea.

Circles. Those lines which are drawn from east to west on globes are called circles, and by means of them geographers divide the earth into zones, or regions, as the arctic circle, the torrid

zone.

Circle is also used for a division of Germany for the purpose of electing an emperor. See GERMAN EMPIRE. Cirencester, pronounced Cicester, a town in Gloucestershire. It is 84 miles in a direct line from London and 17 from Gloucester, 21.

Civil War, is war between people of the same country. The civil war spoken of in the text, was that between King Charles the First and his rebellious Parliament, 18.

Clarke, Edward Daniel, a celebrated modern traveller and Professor of Mineralogy at Cambridge, born 1767. Amongst other countries he visited Turkey, Circassia, Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt, &c., died 1808. He enriched the University of Cambridge with nearly a hundred volumes of manuscripts, besides mineralogical and antiquarian specimens.

An anecdote on gratitude by, 60. On trained goats, 151. Claudian. A Latin poet who flourished at Alexandria in Egypt during the reign of Theodosius the Great, who died A.D. 395. 29.

Cobbett, William, born 1762, died 1835. His self-education, unconquerable perseverance and fixed habits of incessant labour, afford a healthy example to young men; while his failings-errors of action as well as of opinion-which were as prominent as his better energies, should warn them from the like. On the value of parish-churches by, 31.

Cobra de Capello, 192. Cockchafer grubs destroyed by blackbirds, 126.

Cockroaches destroyed by the chasseur ants, 191.

Cocoon. The covering of silk or other fine tissue which certain insects fabricate for themselves, before they assume the pupa or dormant state of their existence. See PUPA. Cold, proper treatment after exposure to intense cold, 47 & 80. Coleopterous insects are such as have four wings, the upper pair of which are hard and shelly, and meet so as

to form a straight line down the middle of the back, as in the common beetle. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, a poet and general writer of great eminence and piety. Born 1772, died 1834. 107. Coleridge, Henry Nelson. This author must not be confounded with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the late English poet. Six Months in the West Indies, by the former, is an amusing little work from which the passage on the first steam boat in the West Indies is taken, 26.

Collingwood, Admiral Lord, born 1748. He commanded the ship Excellent, at the battle of St. Vincent, but his most distinguished service was the part he bore in the great victory of Trafalgar, in which his gallant manner in bringing his ship into action excited the personal admiration of Nelson himself. When Nelson, alas! fell, the command of the fleet devolved upon Admiral Collingwood, and the prompt skill he evinced tended much to the preservation of the captured vessels. He died at Minorca 1810.

On planting oaks, 213.

Colonies. A body of people who have proceeded to a distant country, and there established themselves, but who still acknowledge the authority of the country they have left, is termed a colony; and the word is often applied also to the country where they have placed themselves; in this sense we speak of the West India Colonies. Great Britain has more colonies than any other nation, and they are scattered over almost every part of the world. Colour is not a property of matter, as is the common idea of it, but arises from the action of matter upon light. White light, that is, the common light of day, falls upon a field of grass; the physical nature of the surface of each blade of grass is such as to decompose this white light into three primary colours, red, yellow and blue, as a soap bubble, or a piece of glass, or rain, as in the rain-bow, decomposes it; but the grass absorbs the red ray, which passes like an inconceivably minute vibration into its substance, and reflects the blue and yellow rays, which together form the appearance we call green, 88.

Colton, Caleb. An English author of an indifferent moral character, who destroyed himself at Paris, 1832. On the importance of trifles, 17. The Dervise, a tale, 43.

Condamine. A celebrated French tra-
veller in South America, died 1774.
225.
Conscientious; a person who acts even
to his own hurt, upon his inward feel-
ing of what is right and just, is said
to be a conscientious man, 13.
Constantinople, a great city of Europe,
the capital of Turkey. It stands upon
a narrow strait called the Channel of
Constantinople, which there divides
Europe and Asia. Constantinople de-
rives its names from Constantine the
Great, the first Christian emperor of
Rome, who died A.D. 337. 56.
Constellation. For the convenience of
finding any particular star, astrono-
mers have grouped the stars which lie
near each other into clusters, and
given them names from whatever form
these clusters bear. Thus the seven
bright stars called Charles's Wain,
are the constellation called the Great
Bear, 279.

Continent, is a great extent of land not
entirely parted from the rest of the
sea. The four quarters of the globe
are each called continents, but the
word is more particularly used for the
countries of Europe other than Great
Britain and Ireland, 96.
Conversation. Effects of bad, 45.
Conversely, oppositely, on the contrary,
278.

Conveyancer, a lawyer who prepares the
writings necessary to secure money
or estates given by one person to ano-
ther, 7.

Cook, Captain James, a celebrated Eng-
lish navigator, who made two voyages
round the world, but was killed on his
third voyage at Owhyhee, an island
in the Pacific Ocean, in 1779.
Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, a
handsome city with 110,000 inhabit-
ants, situated on the island of Zealand
in the Baltic, 56.
Coquimbo. The most northern pro-
vince of the republic of Chili, on the
western coast of South America, con-
taining a small town of the same name,
273.

Cordilleras, The; a great ridge of moun-
tains in South America. See ANDES.
Cork, a county in the south of Ireland.

The city of Cork is a place of very
great trade, and has a noble harbour,
272.

Cork and the cork-tree, 226.
Cormorant, foot of, 114.

Its habits of feeding, 114.
Cornwall, the most westerly county in

England, rocky and barren, but
abounding in rich mines of copper
and tin, and having valuable fisheries.
It is bounded on the east by De-
vonshire, but on all other sides is wash-
ed by the sea. Population 302,000.
207.

Cornwallis, Lord, a general who greatly
distinguished himself in America and
in India. He was twice governor-ge-
neral of the latter country, and died
there in 1805.
Coromandel. The south-east coast of
the Indian Peninsula. The opposite
coast is called Malabar, 259.
Corydon, a shepherd mentioned in the
poems of Virgil, and other writers;
hence employed for a shepherd in ge-
neral, 25.

Cosmetic, derived from the Greek noun
kosmos, an ornament, means an ex-
ternal application which is supposed
to increase personal beauty; or, at
least, to remove or cover some bodily
defect. The cosmetics in common
use are washes for the face, red and
white paints in powder for the skin,
dyes for the hair, &c. Sensible men
have observed, that the weaker a per-
son's mind is, the more it is apt to
trust to these outward helps to one's
inward vanity at best, these applica-
tions are harmless; but many, which
contain lead, are dangerous to use;
and he who goes to them, may be
said to expose the weak parts in his
mind in trying to hide those in his
skin.

Cotton-tree, 233.

Cow. Description of the Alderney and
Jersey varieties, 148.

Cowper, William, the poet, was born
1731, died 1800. In becoming the
poet of Christianity Cowper addressed
himself especially to the common busi-
ness of life. He preached to us in our
amusements and occupations. He was
uniformly reflective, sober, and har-
monious. The inspiration which Mil-
ton found in the Old Testament, he
finds in the New; and instead of the
terrible threatenings of Isaiah, or the
dark sayings of Ezekiel, he warns and
consoles us from the lips of our Sa-
viour, and builds up our lives from the
teaching of His Apostles. His letters,
which have been collected and pub-
lished, we recommend as the perfect
pattern of domestic correspondence,
pure in language as in thought, they
express the most familiar subjects in
elegant simplicity.

His confidence in the moral force of
the Bible, 9.

On the observation of Nature, 175.
On the spider, 175.
Coxe, William. This learned divine was
car on of Salisbury, and archdeacon of
Wiltshire. As a traveller he wrote
Travels in Switzerland, Poland, Rus-
sia, Sweden and Denmark. As an his-
torian-The History of the House of
Austria, Memoirs of Sir Robert Wal-
pole, &c.: his authority is greatly
respected from his well-known ad-
herence to truth. Died 1828.

On the habits of the ibex, 149.
Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Can-
terbury. He took an active part in
the Reformation, countenancing the
translation of the Bible into the com-
mon language, causing it to be read
in churches, and suppressing, as far
as he could, the monastic institutions,
which were, at that time, more es-
pecially corrupt. Though at times he
wavered too unsteadily for one in his
high station, yet no man contributed
more to the regeneration and ultimate
freedom of our church establishment,
for which, as identified with the uni-
versal cause of Christianity, he suf-
fered martyrdom in 1556, under the
cruel reign of Mary.

Cressingham Rectory, is the name of an
interesting and instructive book, which
is quoted under the following heads:
Carrier pigeon, 128.

Coverings of animals, 134.
Gizzards of birds, 96.
Quills and pens, 112.
Cromwell, Oliver, born 1599, died 1658.
A politic, intrepid and active com-
mander, who, stimulated by bad am-
bition under the cover of unparalleled
hypocrisy, using religion as a cloak to
blind himself and others to himself,
usurped the supreme command, and
became a party to the murder of King
Charles the First of England.

His unjust anger with good Judge
Hale, 2.

Cronstadt, a strong seaport on the Bal-
tic, belonging to Russia, 63.
Cruelty to animals, a sin that God will
punish, 148.

Of shooting swallows, 105.
Crusades, from crux, Latin for cross. A
series of wars undertaken by the na-
tions of Europe against the Moham-
medans, for the recovery of the Holy
Sepulchre, are so called, because the
Christian warriors bore a cross upon
their shoulder.

Cryptogamic Plants. Lichens, ferns,
mosses, &c., whose flowers are not
visible to the naked eye; from the
Greek word kruptos, hidden; hence
also, crypt, a subterranean chapel
where the early Christians met for
secret worship, 247.

Cuba, a very large island in the West
Indies, belonging to the Spaniards, 224.
Cuckoo, 103.

Cutch, a wild and desolate region in the
north-west part of India. Its name
means a morass or swamp, 152.
Cuvier, George, born in Switzerland
1769, died in Paris 1832. No man,
since the great Grecian naturalist Aris-
totle, has so enlarged the boundaries
of human knowledge, respecting the
structure of the animal creation, as
Cuvier. Of unconquerable industry
in heaping up materials, with pro-
found judgment, and lucid ideas of
arrangement, and with eloquence in the
expression of his results, he is univer-
sally allowed to be the first zoologist
of modern ages.

On the elephant, 139.
Cuvier, Frederick, on the shawl goat,
150.

Cydonia, or Haivali, is a city of Asia
Minor, opposite to Mitylene. The
Greeks residing there had many pecu-
liar privileges. The revolution re-
ferred to, is the revolt of the Greeks
against their Turkish masters in 1820,
which led to the foundation of the
present kingdom of Greece, 55.
Danube, the largest river in Europe. It
rises in the duchy of Baden, in the south
of Germany, runs eastward through
Austria and past Vienna, divides Hun-
gary from Turkey, and at last falls
into the Black Sea, after a course of
1800 miles.

Dardanelles, the strait between the Me-

diterranean and the Sea of Marmora.
Darwin, Erasmus, a physician of ec-
centric manners but of great bene-
volence. Died 1802. 177.
Date-tree. The palm-tree of Scripture,
the phanix dactylifera of botanists, is a
lofty and majestic tree, bearing leaves
from six to eight feet long, and afford-
ing, by its delicious fruit, daily food
for the natives of Persia, Egypt, and
Arabia.

Estimation of, amongst the Arabs,65.
The date-palm described, 222, 223.
Davy, Sir Humphrey, a man in the high-
est rank of science, from his discover-
ies in chemistry and natural philo-
sophy. Born 1778. He was made