B

CHAPTER X.

THE PARISH OF BISPHAM.

ISCOPHAM was the appellation bestowed on the district now called Bispham at and before the era of William the Conqueror, in whose survey it appears

as embracing within its boundaries eight carucates of arable land. The original name is simply a compound of the two Anglo-Saxon words Biscop, a bishop, and Ham, a habitation or settlement, the signification of the whole being obviously the 'Bishop's town,' or 'residence.' Hence it is clear that some episcopal source must be looked to as having been the means of conferring the peculiar title on the place, and fortunately for the investigator, the annals of history furnish a ready clue to what otherwise might have proved a question difficult, or perhaps impossible, of satisfactory solution. In a previous chapter it has been noted that for long after the reign of Athelstan Amounderness was held by the See of York, and nothing can be more natural than to suppose, when regarding that circumstance in conjunction with the significance of the name under discussion, that the archbishops of the diocese had some residence on the soil of Bispham. It is quite possible, however, that there may have been merely a station of ecclesiastics who collected the rents and tithes of the Hundred on behalf of the bishopric, acting in fact as stewards and representatives of the archbishop for the time being, but in either case it is evident that the name and, consequently, the town, are of diocesan origin, doubtless associated with the proprietorship above mentioned. The presence of priests in residence within the manor of Bispham would necessarily lead to the establishment there of some chapel or oratory, and the absence

of any allusion to such a structure by the investigators of William I. seems, at the first glance, a serious obstacle to the episcopal theory, but Bispham was located between the two Danish colonies of Norbreck and Warbreck, a people whose hostility to all religious houses was almost proverbial, and hence it is scarcely likely that a church so conveniently situated, as that of Bispham would be, could long escape spoliation and destruction after the prelates of York had removed their protection from the neighbourhood, at some date anterior to the arrival of the Normans in England. The ravages of the Danes indeed, throughout the Hundred of Amounderness are usually the reasons assigned why the district was relinquished by the See of York, so that the non-existence of a sacred pile of any description at the period of the Domesday Survey, is in no way contradictory of such a building having been there, at an earlier epoch. At the close of the Saxon dynasty the number of acres in cultivation in the manor of Bispham exceeded those of the five next largest manors in the Fylde by two hundred, thus Staining, Layton, Singleton, Marton, and Thornton, each contained six hundred acres of arable soil, whilst Bispham had eight hundred in a similar condition. About thirty years after the Norman Survey, Geoffrey, the sheriff, bestowed the tithes of Biscopham, upon the newly founded priory of St. Mary, in Lancaster, being incited thereto by the munificent example of Roger de Poictou. In this grant no allusion is made to any church, an omission which we should barely be justified in considering accidental, but which would rather seem to indicate that the edifice was not erected until later. The earliest allusion to it is found in the reign of Richard I., 1189-1199, when Theobald Walter quitclaimed to the abbot of Sees, in Normandy, all his right in the advowson of Pulton and the church of Biscopham, pledging himself to pay to the abbey ten marks a year during the period that any minister presented by him or his heirs held the living. In 1246 the mediety of Pulton and Biscopham churches was conveyed to the priory of St. Mary, in Lancaster, an offshoot from the abbey of Sees, by the archdeacon of Richmond; and in 1296 the grant was confirmed to the monastery by John Romanus, then archdeacon of Richmond, who supplemented the

1. Regist. S. Maria de Lanc. MSS. fol. 77.

donation of his predecessor with a gift of the other mediety, to be appropriated after the decease of the person in possession, stipulating only that when the proprietorship became complete the conventual superiors should appoint a vicar at an annual salary of twenty marks. At the suppression of alien priories the church of Bispham was conveyed to the abbey of Syon, and remained attached to that foundation until the Reformation of Henry VIII.

The original church of Bispham, subsequently to the Norman invasion, was built of red sandstone, and comprised a low tower, a nave, and one aisle. A row of semicircular arches, resting on round, unornamented pillars, supported the double-gabled roof, which was raised to no great altitude from the ground; whilst the walls were penetrated by narrow lancet windows, three of which were placed at the east end. The pews were substantial benches of black oak. In 1773 this venerable structure was deprived of its flag roof and a slate one substituted, the walls at the same time being raised to their present height. During the alterations the pillars were removed and the interior thoroughly renovated, more modern windows being inserted a little later. There is a traditional statement that the church was erected by the monks of Furness, but beyond the sandstone of which it was built having in all probability come from that locality, there appears to be nothing to uphold such an idea. Over the main entrance may still be seen an unmistakable specimen of the Norman arch, until recent years covered with plaster, and in that way retained in a very fair state of preservation.

In 1553 a commission, whose object was to investigate "whether ye belles belongynge to certayne chapelles which be specified in a certayne shedule be now remayning at ye said chapelles, or in whose hands or custodie the same belles now be," visited Bispham, and issued the following report :-" William Thompson and Robert Anyan, of ye chapell of Byspham, sworne and examyned, deposen that one belle mentioned in ye said. shedule was solde by Edwarde Parker, named in ye former commission, unto James Massie, gent., for ye some of XXIII. Ivd.” Nothing is known respecting the number or ultimate destination of the peal alluded to. The belfry can now only boast a pair of bells.

Formerly there were many and various opinions as to the dedication of the church, Holy Trinity and All Saints having both been suggested, but the question is finally set at rest by a part, in fact the sole remnant, of the ancient communion service, the chalice, which is of silver gilt, and bears the inscription :— "The gift of Ann, Daughter to John Bamber, to ye Church of Allhallows, in Bispham; Delivered by John Corritt, 1704." Within the building, fastened to the east wall, and immediately to the right of the pulpit, are four monumental brasses inscribed as under :

"Here lyes the body of John Veale, late of Whinney Heys, Esq., who dyed the 20th Jan., 1704, aged sixty."

"Here lyes the body of Susannah, wife of the late John Veale, Esq., of Whinney Heys, Esq., who departed this life the 20th of May, 1718, aged 67 years."

"Here lyes the body of Edward Veale, late of Whinney Heys, Esq., who departed this life the 11th of August, 1723, aged 43 years."

"Here lyes the body of Dorothy Veale, eldest daughter of John Veale, late of Whinney Heys, Esq., who departed this life the 9th day of January, in the year of our Lord, 1747, and in the 77th year of her age."

Beneath these tablets, the only ones in the church, was the family vault of the Veales, of Whinney Heys, now covered over by pews. During the year 1875 the nave was re-seated, and at the time when the flooring was taken up numerous skulls and bones were found in different parts of the building, barely covered with earth, plainly indicating that interments had once been very frequent within the walls, and causing us to wonder that no mural or other monuments, beyond those just given, are now visible, or, indeed, remembered by any of the old parishioners. None of the stones in the graveyard are of great antiquity, and the most interesting object on that score is a portion of an ancient stone cross, having the letters I.H.S. carved upon it, on the broken summit of which a sun-dial has been mounted. Tradition has long affirmed that Beatrice, or Bridget, the daughter of Oliver Cromwell, who espoused General Ireton, and after his death General Fleetwood, lies buried here, but this is a mistake, probably arising from the proximity of the Rossall family, having the same name as her second husband; the lady was interred at Stoke Newington on the 5th of September, 1681. There are no stained glass windows, and the walls of the church are whitewashed externally.

The living was a perpetual curacy until lately, when it was raised to the rank of a vicarage. The Rev. Charles Hesketh, M.A., of North Meols, has been the patron for almost half a century. Divine worship, according to the ritual of the Roman Catholics, was last celebrated in Bispham church during March, 1559, immediately after the death of Queen Mary, when her protestant successor, Elizabeth, ascended the throne. The pastor, Jerome Allen, a member of the Benedictine brotherhood, assembled his flock at nine in the morning of the 25th of that month, and previous to administering the holy sacrament, addressed a few words of farewell and advice to his congregation. "Suffused in tears," records the diary of Rishton, "this holy and