all jealoufy between Auftria and Pruffia is fuggefted, deferving, as it fhould feem, the attention of ftatefmen; namely, that England and Ruffia fhould become parties and guarantees in a treaty for uniting. and directing their common efforts against France.

Upon the whole, this pamphlet deserves the attention of all who feel interested (and who does not?) in the important fcenes now acting in Europe.

ART. 48. The Subfiance of the Speech of Robert Peel, Efq. in the House of Commons, on Thursday the 14th of February, 1799, in the Question for receiving the Report of the Committee on the Refolutions respecting an Incorporate Union with Ireland. With a correct Copy of the Refo lutions, as they were finally amended by the House of Commons. 8vo. 22 pp. 6d. Stockdale. 1799.

Mr. Peel admits that, in 1785, he was a petitioner againf the Commercial Propofitions, as thinking them prejudicial to the manufactures of Great Britain. He declares that his fupport of the prefent measure, of an Union, "does not arife from a change of fentiments, bat of cir comitances:" for, as he justly obferves, this plan embraces great advantages, both political and commercial, which, by uniting two countries into one, are calculated to add itrength and fecurity to the empire; and is fo effentially neceffary at this time, when a daring attempt has been made, both by intrigue and force, to feparate the countries, that inferior confiderations ought not to weigh against it." He, however, objects to the fixth refolution (that which refpects the equalization of duties) because, from the weight of our taxes and price of labour, "our manufactured goods cannot be afforded on equally low terms with the produce of labour in places where finilar burthens do not exist." Differing from adminiftration on this colla teral point, he fupports the principal measure with ftrong and appofite arguments. We think this Speech, though fhort, worthy of attention, as containing the fentiments of a well-informed commercial man, and an independent Member of Parliament.

ART. 49. Necefity of deftroying the French Republic proved by Fas and Arguments. Tranflaud from the French by the Author. With Additions. 8vo. 52 pp. 15. Debrett, &e. 1799.

The important truth which it is the object of this little tract to inculcate, muft, we think, by this time, have become obvious to all unprejudiced and reflecting minds. It cannot, however, be too often repeated, that there is no peace or fafe:y for Europe, but in the deAuction of that fyftematic anarchy (or, more properly speaking, tytanay) which has oppreffed and defolated the faireft portion of the globe. This point is clearly, but might perhaps have been more trikingly proved, by the writer before us. In detailing the effects of the French Revolution on each part of Europe, he feems to confider the countries exprefsly and formally united to France as the only acceffron gained to her empire: whereas, the mock Republics fet up by her, and wholly directed by her generals and commiffaries, were, in

Z 2

effect,

effect, but fo many provinces of France, and formed one of the most formidable engines of their power. This point is but flightly noticed by the author, who, in other refpects, argues well and juftly. Though it is but a few months fince his work was published, there is already a profpect, that his wishes for the fubverfion of the French Republic may be realized.

ART. 50. The Iniquity of Banking, Part II. Containing a further Illuftration of the Injustice of the Paper Syftem; an Enquiry into the Nature and Confequences of the Bank Indemnity Bill; and a Plan for removing (or at least alleviating) the Evils produced by the Circulation of Bank Notes. 8vo. 64 PP. Is. 6d. Jordan. 1797.

There is hardly a divifion or fubdivifion in the whole circle of fciences, which our Gallo-maniacs have not ranfacked, for arms and inftruments to fubvert or undermine the ftate. At one time, hiftory is falfified; at another, the doctrines of politics or morality are vitiated: the attack of the prefent period feems chiefly derived from false principles of political economy. Sufficient notice will be taken of this writer, by ftating, and briefly confidering the thing which he makes his furdamental principle; and remarking a few of the inflammatory extravagancies that he rightly or wrongly deduces from it, or adds to its confequences.

This great principle is," That no man ought to have a share in the productions of fociety, greater than in proportion to his property." P. 9. This the writer applies to prove the Iniquity of Banking; and infers from it," that a man who has 100,000l. in his notes in circulation, being five times the capital which he keeps in his strong box to fupport that circulation, has no jufter title to the 5,000l. a year he makes upon it, than if he had gone upon the highway in order to obtain it ;' as it gives him five times his fhare of the annual products of fociety, whom it robs of fo much of their due. To this it is anfwered, that the power of command of fo much product, which was before rightly vefted in the perfons to whom he gives his notes, is by them transferred to the "man of paper" by compact, in the act of allowing difcount, fuppofing the quantity of his notes in circulation fixed; but the fhares of the contracting parties in the annual product are changed, the fhare of the one being increased, as much as that of the other is diminished; but thofe of every other individual remain unaffected by the transaction; and the cafe is the fame of loans in notes; moreover, the benefit of the borrower of the note is generally much greater than the allowance he makes for it. But furely never was fuch a propofition brought forward as a principle! For its first confequence is, that the poffeffors of equal capitals, employed or not, fhould derive from them equal incomes; thus all mercantile prefit is unjust, and the labourer is not worthy of his hire; more especially thofe, who exercise skilled labour, as it is named by Dr. Smith; as the -phyfician, the counfellor, the flatuary, or the painter, the thare of each exceeding his property employed, or capital, in an enormous proportion.

Thus

Thus far the profound general principle of this writer has been explained: we now come to fome of his beauties of cetail. He informs us, that the original charter of the Bank" might, without any great impropriety, have been entitled, A Charter to enabb certain individuals to rob the people of England." P. 52. One mode in which that company has been able to effect it the author has defcribed: "It is not," fays he," the gold belonging to the Bank, but the national revenue, which forms the fund for circulating the paper of the Bank" P. 27. From Dr. Smith, whose writing he appears to have read nuch, this author might have been informed of the great expence of the Bank, in the purchafe of gold bullion for coinage, to keep their coffers properly replenifhed. Befides, if there had ever been a balance,upon the whole, due from the Bank to the ftate, part of the money in the Bank, by which its notes are circulated, would have been the property of the ftate; but the contrary is the cafe, that company is always greatly in advance to government, and obliged to provide coin o circulate the notes it advances. The fallacy here is the fame, as if when a banker had advanced to a perfon 100l. in notes, which he repaicby instalments in coin, the borrower fhould fay, that he was trading upon bis money. "The merchants and bankers of London," this panphleteer informs the nation, "are all virtually bankrupts;" p. 15, and in their late affociation to fupport the circulation of the paper of the Bank, their motives were exactly fimilar to those which unit a band of robbers in defence of their chief." P. 12; and "a general ankruptcy would be only a kind of GENERAL RELEASE." Ib.

His remedy for the evils of paper credit is, that all irculating notes fhould be called in, and that a paper to be iffued by the fate should only be permitted to circulate. He has indeed added to the plans for this purpofe, which have been long before the public, a neasure to be embraced, if the paper fhould fall below par. In that cafe, he directs us to repeal all the existing laws against all the coiners or counterfeiters of guineas, half guineas, or other gold coins"!! This we believe would reduce the gold to the par of the paper; or, to go this writer's full length, it may be so brought below it.

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ART. 51. Mr. Pitt's Bill for augmenting the Affeffed Taxes examined, on the Principles of Juftice and Common Senfe, and the Caufe of Landlords, and of the County of Middlefex especially pleaded. 8vo, 30 pp. 15. Johnfon. 1797.

This writer labours to show, that particular articles of the affeffed taxes did not fall on every diftrict and every class of fociety equally, or in proportion to their ability: a property no tax on any specific object can poffefs. If the objects of taxation be multiplied, the deviations of that on one article from this proportionality, may compenfate that of another; and what is abfolutely juft, be thus very nearly approximated. His bufinefs was therefore to fhow, not that fingle taxes bore hard upon particular diftricts, as London and Middlesex, the counties of Surry and Suffex; but that this preffure was not compenfated by counter-inequalities in the charge on other articles, in the remainder of the kingdom, in their favour,

What

What is incendiary in this pamphlet is too much jumbled with what is ridiculous, to anfwer the purposes of the party for which it appears to have been written. The author defcribes a meeting for appeals against the charges of the affeffors, at which a perfon, whom he calls an inquiitor, prefides: and here, after talking of "the Pittified modification of our glorious conftitution," he introduces an appellant, who gounds his claim of remiffion on having "no stock in trade, except a pair of fpectacles, an ink-horn, and a remnant of a quire of paper, which enables him to write occafionally political effays for the new papirs:" and his fole legal allegation against the charge upon him is, tha" if he cannot get fome abatement, he will remove to a garret; and continue to cenfure great knaves, and wretches that live by the fpoilof their country."

We know nothing of the perfon of the appellant, for whom the author feems to entertain fo identifying a fympathy; but as he states him to have brough forward no legal objection against the charge laid on him, we concur in the decifion of the inquifiter, that he could have no relief there.

ART. 52. The Failure of the French Crufade; or, the Advantages to be derived by Great-Britain, from the Refloration of Egypt to the Turks By Eyles rwin, Efg. 8vo. 1s. 6d. Nicol. 1799.

The two tracts published by Mr. Irwin, on the expedition of Bonaparte, are filly fanctioned by the catastrophe of that rash and ill-advised enterprife. The author in the prefent publication, temperately affumes the merit ne deferves, from his prediction of what has enfued, namely, that whil Great Britain was matter of the fea, Bonaparte's views whereever they were directed, muft of courfe be defeated. The object of this pamphle is, to imprefs upon the reader the idea, that from the prefeat condition of things, the literary world is likely to be benefited from the eafy accefs which Englishmen may now expect to have to the antiquities of Egypt, under the countenance and fafeguard of the Turkish government. Another, and no less important advantage, is held out to be the quick intelligence, and more expeditious conveyance of troops, to our fettlements in the Eaft. Even they who are not fatisfied with the arguments of this writer, muft be pleafed with his patriotic ardour, and manly mode of expreffing his fentiments.

ART. 53. Jacobinifm difplayed, in an Addrefs to the People of England. Second Edition. 8vo. 31 pp. 6d. Printed by E. Piercy, at Birmingham. 1798.

ART. 54. New Lights on Jacobinifm, abftracted from Prof Jor Robifon's Hiftory of Free Mafonry, with an Appendix, containing an Account of Voltaire's Behaviour on his Death Bed, and a Letter from J. H. Stone (who was tried for Sedition) to his Friend Dr. Priestley, difclofing the Principles of Jacobinifm. By the Author of Jacobinism displayed. 8vo. 55 PP. Pierey, Birmingham. 1798.

These two tracts contain, in a very compreffed and useful form, the Effence of Barruel's Memoirs of Jacobinifm, and of Profeffor Robison's

book

book on a fimilar fubject, They are excellently calculated for general circulation, and great numbers have actually been sold in the country; though we do not find that they have yet made their way to the London market. It is of great importance that the truth fhould be made generally known; by fuch publications as thefe.

MISCELLANIES.

ART. 55. An Efay on the Manufactures of Ireland: in which is con fidered, to what Manufactures her national Advantages are beft fuited; and what are the best Means of improving fuch Manufactures. By Thomas Wallace, of the King's Inns, Dublin, and M. R. I. A. 8vo. 340 pp. Murray and Highley. 1798.

The Dedication of this effay to the Earl of Moira, goes beyond the ufual ftyle even of Dedications. It talks of Xenophon and Scipio; and then of a patron, who, like a conftelhtion which illumines, while it ornaments the horizon," &c. of "nan fhrunk in thefe times below his moral ftandard;" and of the Earl's fupporting the character of a friend of Ireland with so much firmness, temperance, and wisdom.". From this panegyric, dated April 3, 798. perhaps fubfequent events would juftify fome abatement. The author offered his Efay to the Royal Irish Academy, as a candidate for the prize of 5ol. given by Mr. T. Cunningham; and he complains of fome extraordinary conduct on the part of the Academy, in their award of the prize to Mr. Prefton, author of feveral dramatic and poetic pieces. Mr. Wallace fhows that manufactures deferve encouragement; he confiders what are the circumstances which render a manufafture fitted for a country to prosecute, and how thefe circumstances apply to each of the principal manufactures within the reach of Ireland; and he concludes, by making a few obfervations on thofe fpecific modes of encouragement, which have been generally recommended for the promotion of them, and on thofe general caufes that tend to promote or retard their progrefs, (p. 339) The style of this Effay is clear and proper; the arguments are ftated with force and perfpicuity; and the author fhows himself well acquainted with the fubject of manufactures in general, and with those of Ireland in particular. It is nevertheless greatly to be regretted and reprobated in this tract, that it has a strong tendency to excite jealoufy and hoftility, political as well as commer cial, betwixt Great Britain and Ireland (p. 336, &c.)

ART. 56. The Reader, or Reciter; by the offiftance of which, any PerJon may teach himself to read or recite Englyb Profe with the utmon elegance and effect. To which are added, Inftructions for reading Plays, on a Plan never before attempted. 8vo. 3. 6d. Cadell and Davies. 1799.

The firft indifpenfable qualification for reading well is an agreeable modulation of voice, which certainly may be improved by difcipline and practice. The next effentials are, a good judgment, and elegant safte. Where these are wanting, all rules are vain; nor can any spe