Page

§ 27. Which arose from the self-respect of all classes,

28. Severe discipline. Corporal punishments which still subsisted,

29. Physical comforts of the British soldiers,

30. Difficulty of keeping any considerable force together in the interior of the

Peninsula,

31. Fortunate position of the British troops,

32. Military force of Spain at the commencement of the contest,

33. Character and habits of the officers,

34. Military force and physical character of Portugal,

35. General corruption and abuses in the military establishment,

36. Amount, quality, and disposition of the French army at this period in

Spain,

37. Progress and early forces of the insurrection,

38. Vigorous efforts at first made for carrying on the contest,

-

39. Frightful disorders which signalised the commencement of the insurrection

in some cities,

40. Massacres with which the revolution in Valencia commenced,

41. Abominable cruelty of Calvo and the insurgents,

42. Deserved punishment of Calvo and his associates,

43. Prudent measures adopted by the nobles at Seville. Proceedings of its

Junta,

44. Fortunate overthrow of the extreme democrats,

45. Capture of the French fleet at Cadiz,

46. Insurrection in Asturias, Galicia, Catalonia, and Aragon,

47. Measures of Napoleon in regard to the insurrection,

48. Proceedings of the Notables assembled at Bayonne,

49. General recognition of Joseph by the Spanish Notables,

50. Constitution at Bayonne given by Napoleon to the Spaniards,

51. Proceedings of Napoleon, Joseph, and the Junta of Notables, at Bayonne,

52. New ministry of Joseph, and his journey to, and arrival and reception at

Madrid,

54. Universal joy with which the news of the insurrection is received in Eng-

land,

55. Enthusiasm of the popular party in the cause,

53. Honourable instances of resistance to the general torrent of adulation in
his favour among the grandees,

ib.

56. Noble speech of Mr Sheridan on the Spanish war in parliament,

ib.

57. Reply of Mr Secretary Canning,

49

58. Reflections on this debate,

50

59. Consistence of these views with the true principles of freedom,

51

60. English budget for 1808,

ib.

61. Immense extent of the supplies which were sent out to Spain from Great

Britain,

1. Military measures adopted by Napoleon against the insurrection,

-2. Successful operations of Bessières and Frère in Old Castile and Leon,

against the insurgents,

54

55

3. Which had the effect of entirely subduing that part of the country,

56

Page

§ 4. Operations in Aragon. First siege of Saragossa,

56

13. Operations of Monag in Valencia,

15. Attack on the city. Its repulse,

5. Description of Saragossa,

6. General concurrence of all classes in the defence,

7. Operations of Palafox to relieve the city. He is defeated, and re-enters it,

8. First operations of the siege,

9. Progress of the besiegers,

10. Desperate assault of the town,

11. Continued contest in the streets,

12. The Spaniards gradually regain the ascendant,

14. Description of Valencia, and preparations for its defence,

16. Progress of the insurrection, and partial successes of the patriots in that

quarter,

17. Advance of Cuesta in Leon on the French communications,

57

66

67

68

69

18. Operations of Bessières against Blake and Cuesta in Leon,

20. Battle of Rio Seco,

21. Defeat of the Spaniards,

22. Farther preparations of Napoleon for the war,

23. March of Dupont into Andalusia,

24. Capture of the bridge of Vinta de Alcolea,

25. Taking and sack of Cordova,

26. Accumulation of forces under Castanos round the invaders,

27. Dismay of the Spaniards and irresolution of Dupont,

28. Retreat of Dupont to Andujar and Baylen,

29. Spanish plan of attack, and preparatory movements on both sides,

30. Character of Dupont,

31. Singular manner in which the armies became interlaced,

32. Movements which led to the battle of Baylen,

33. Battle of Baylen,

34. Defeat of the French,

71

35. Tardy arrival of Vedel, who shares in the disgrace,

84

36. Capitulation of Dupont,

37. Immense sensation which it produces in Spain and over Europe,

38. Disastrous effect of the delusive opinion entertained of this victory,

39. Opinion of Napoleon on this capitulation,

40. Shameful violation of the capitulation by the Spaniards,

41. And their disgraceful treatment of the prisoners,

42. Departure of Joseph from Madrid, and concentration of the French troops

behind the Ebro,

43. Campaign in Catalonia,

44. Defeat of Schwartz near Casa Mansana,

45. Universal spread of the insurrection,

94

50. Universal transports in the Peninsula. Entry of the Spanish troops into

51. Neglect of any efficient measures in the general exultation,

99

52. Affairs of Portugal, and disarming of the Spanish troops in that country,

53. Progress of the insurrection,

ib.

-

101

54. Operations of Loison in the Alentejo,

102

55. The English cabinet resolve on sending succours to Portugal,

103

56. Strange substitution of successive commanders to the British expedition,

104

Page

§ 57. Sir A. Wellesley takes the command of the expedition, and arrives off

Mondego Bay,

105

58. Arrival of the British troops at Mondego Bay, and proclamation by Sir A.

Wellesley,

-

106

59. Landing of the army,

107

62. Combat of Roliça,

63. Victory of the British,

73. An armistice is concluded,

60. March of the British troops to Roliça,

61. Advance of the British to attack the French there,

64. The British advance to Vimeira,

65. Sir A. Wellesley's plans are overruled by Sir H. Burrard,

66. Description of the field of battle of Vimeira,

67. Positions taken up by the two armies,

68. Battle of Vimeira,

69. Desperate conflict on the left,

70. Defeat of the French,

71. Sir A. Wellesley proposes to follow up the victory,

72. But is prevented by Sir Harry Burrard,

74. Reasons which led to an armistice on both sides,

76. Senseless clamour in England on the subject, leads to a court of inquiry.

Its result,

77. A court of inquiry is held, and its results,

78. Its expedience at that juncture,

79. Napoleon's views on that subject,

80. Disgraceful revelations which are made at Lisbon of the plunder by all

ranks in the French army,

81. Enormous extent of the plunder the French superior officers endeavoured

to carry off,

ib.

83. The British troops are placed under the command of Sir John Moore,

84. Strength of the united British forces, and their advance into Spain,

85. Great difficulty in forming a central junta at Madrid,

86. Appointment of a central junta at Madrid,

87. Miserable condition of the central government and armies on the Ebro,

88. The Marquis Romana obtains information of what is going on in Spain,

89. Escape of the Marquis and his troops,

1. Deep impression which these events made on the mind of Napoleon,

2. Armaments of Austria, and negotiations with that power and the Princes

of the Rhenish Confederacy,

3. Napoleon's preparations to meet the danger, and great levy of men by the

French government,

Page

§ 8. And on the field of Jena,

9. Secret views of both parties at the conference,

10. Tenor of the conferences held there,

11. Concessions made by Napoleon to Russia and Prussia,

12. Their differences concerning Napoleon's marriage, and Turkey,

13. Treaty with Prussia, and Murat declared King of Naples,

14. Napoleon returns to Paris, and sets out for the Ebro,

15. Immense force there collected by Napoleon,

16. Positions and strength of the Spaniards,

17. March, position, and strength of the British army,

26. Movement against Castanos and Palafox,

34. Capitulation of Madrid,

18. Deplorable division of the British and Spanish troops,

19. Movements on the French left before the arrival of Napoleon,

20. Check of Castanos at Logrono,

21. Defeat of Blake at Tornosa,

22. Position of the French and Spanish armies on Napoleon's arrival,

23. Actions at Espinosa,

24. Total defeat of the Spaniards at Reynosa,

25. Battle of Burgos, and defeat of the Spanish centre,

27. Positions of the French and Spanish armies before the battle of Tudela,

28. Total defeat of the Spaniards,

29. Disorderly and eccentric retreat of the Spanish armies from the Ebro,

30. Rapid and concentrated advance of the French armies to Madrid,

31. Forcing of the Somo-sierra pass,

32. Prodigious agitation at Madrid,

33. Capture of the Retiro,

35. Napoleon's measures for the tranquillising of Spain,

36. Positions of the French corps in the end of December,

39. Determination of Moore to advance, and joy which it diffused through the

army,

169

40. Advance to Sahagun, on the French line of communication,

41. Preparations for attacking Soult on the Carrion,

170

ib.

42. This movement paralyses the farther advance of the French to the south,

43. Rapid march of Napoleon with an overwhelming force towards the English

troops,

171

172

44. The English retreat on the line of Galicia,

ib.

45. Gallant action of light cavalry with the enemy, and capture of Lefebvre

Desnouettes,

51. Continues the retreat to Corunna. Hardships undergone by the troops,

52. Arrival at Corunna of the troops and the transports from Vigo Bay,

53. Position of the British in front of Corunna,

59. His grave, and veneration with which it is regarded in Spain,

60. Embarkation of the troops, and their return to England,

182

183

184

ib.

185

186

Page

§ 61. Extreme gloom which these events produce in the British isles,
62. Despair which seized the public mind,

63. Horror excited by the appearance of the army on its return,

64. Reflections on the campaign; its character checkered, but on the whole
eminently unfavourable to France,

65. Reflections on the campaign, and effect of Sir John Moore's movement,
66. Errors which he committed,

187

188

ib.

-

189

190

191

71. Reflections on the character of the British and French armies. Supe-
riority of the former in fighting,

72. And of the French, as yet, in the other duties of a campaign,

196
197

CHAPTER LVI.

CAMPAIGN OF ABENSBERG, LANDSHUT, AND ECHMUHL.

1. Influence of the aristocratic and democratic principles on the contending

parties in Europe,

2. Policy of the Imperial cabinet since the peace of Presburg,

3. Important decree ordering the formation of the landwehr, June 1808,

4. Napoleon's remonstrances against these measures,

6. Intelligence of the preparations of Austria induces Napoleon to halt in

Spain and return to Paris,

9. Amount and distribution of the French forces in Germany, in spring

1809,

10. Efforts of Austria to obtain the accession of Russia to the confederacy,

11. Prussia resolves to remain neutral,

12. General effervescence in Germany in aid of the Austrian cause,

13. Character of Metternich the Austrian ambassador at Paris,

209

210

21. Plans of Napoleon,

-

14. Angry interchange of notes between the French and Austrian courts,

15. Deep umbrage taken by Austria at the conference of Erfurth,

16. Measures for the concentration of the French army,

17. Preparations and forces of Austria,

18. Spirit which animated all classes of the Austrian empire,

19. Last diplomatic communications at Paris,

20. Austrian plan of the campaign,

22. Commencement of hostilities by the Austrians,

23. Impolitic delay in their early movements,

24. First movements of the Austrians, and imminent danger of the French,

25. Imprudent dispersion of his forces by Berthier, and slow advance of the

Austrians,

26. Faulty movements of Berthier to arrest their progress,

27. Advance of the Austrians almost cuts in two the French army,

28. Napoleon instantly reassembles his army,

29. Movements of the two armies towards each other,

30 Napoleon's plan of operations. Its great dangers,

224

225