these hath been more usual, and is more easy; but the latter is more happy. For if a man do attentively revolve histories of all nations, and judge truly thereupon, he will make this conclusion, that there were never any states that were good commixtures but the Roman. Which because it was the best state of the world, and is the best example in this point, we will chiefly insist thereupon.

In the antiquities of Rome, Virgil brings in Jupiter by way oracle in prediction speaking of the mixture3 of the Trojans and the Italians :

:

"Sermonein Ausonii patrium moresque tenebunt,
Utque est nomen erit: commisti corpore tantum
Subsident Teucri, morem ritusque sacrorum
Adjiciam, faciamque omnes uno ore Latinos.

Hinc genus, Ausonio mistum quod sanguine surget,
Supra homines, supra ire Deos pietate videbis."

Wherein Jupiter maketh a kind of partition or distribution: that Italy should give the language and the laws; Troy should give a mixture of men, and some religious rites; and both people should meet in one name of Latins.

Soon after the foundation of the city of Rome, the people of the Romans and the Sabines mingled upon equal terms: wherein the interchange went so even, that (as Livy noteth) the one nation gave the name to the place, the other to the people. For Rome continued the name, but the people were called Quirites, which was the Sabine word, derived of Cures the country of Tatius.

But that which is chiefly to be noted in the whole continuance of the Roman government, they were so liberal of their naturalizations, as in effect they made perpetual mixtures. For the manner was to grant the same not only to particular persons, but to families and linages; and not only so, but to whole cities and countries; so as in the end it came to that, that Rome was communis patria, as some of the civilians call it.

So we read that St. Paul, after he had been beaten with rods, and thereupon charged the officer with the violation of the privilege of a citizen of Rome, the captain said to him, "Art thou then a Roman? That privilege hath cost me dear." To whom St. Paul replied, "But I was so born." And yet, in another place,

1 Romans, in both copies.

2 or: R.

3 mixtures: MS.

St. Paul professeth of himself, that he was a Jew by tribe. So as it is manifest that some of his ancestors were naturalized to him and to his descendents.1

So we read that it was one of the first despites that was done to Julius Cæsar, that whereas he had obtained naturalization for a city in Gaul, one of the city was beaten with rods by the commandment of the consul Marcellus.

So we read that in the emperor Claudius time, the nation of Gaul, that part which was called Comata, the wilder part, were suitors to be made capable of the honour of being senators and officers of Rome. His words are these; "Cum de supplendo Tacitus, xi. senatu agitaretur, primoresque Galliæ quæ Comata appellatur, fœdera et civitatem Romanam pridem assecuti, jus adipiscendorum in urbe honorum expeterent, multus ea super re variusque rumor, et studiis diversis apud principes certabatur." And in the end after long debate it was ruled that they should be admitted.

Annal.

So likewise the authority of Nicholas Machiavel seemeth not to be contemned; who enquiring the causes of the growth of the Roman empire, doth give judgment, there was not one greater than this, that the state did so easily compound and incorporate with strangers.

It is true that most estates and kingdoms have taken the other course of which this effect hath followed, that the addition of further empire and territory hath been rather matter of burthen than matter of strength unto them: yea and further it hath kept alive the seeds and roots of revolts and rebellions for many ages; as we may see in a fresh and notable example of the kingdom of Arragon which, though it were united to Castile by marriage, and not by conquest, and so descended in hereditary union by the space of more than an hundred years, yet because it was continued in a divided government, and not well incorporated and cemented with the other crown, entered into a rebellion upon point of their fueros, or liberties, now of very late years.

Now to spreak briefly of the several parts of that form, whereby estates and kingdoms are perfectly united; they are (besides the sovereignty itself) four in number; Union in Name, Union in Language, Union in Laws, and Union in Employments.

For Name, though it seem but a superficial and outward

naturalized; and so it was conveyed to him and their other descendants: R. Principem in both copies.

matter, yet it carrieth much impression and enchantment. The general and common name of Græcia made the Greeks always apt to unite (though otherwise full of divisions amongst themselves) against other nations, whom they called barbarous. The Helvetian name is no small band to knit together their leagues and confederacies the faster. The common name of Spain (no doubt) hath been a special mean of the better union and conglutination of the several kingdoms of Castile, Arragon, Granada, Navarra, Valentia, Catalonia, and the rest, comprehending also now lately Portugal.

For Language, it is not necessary to insist upon it; because both your Majesty's kingdoms are of one language, though of several dialects; and the difference is so small between them, as promiseth rather an enriching of one language than a continuance of two.

For Laws, which are the principal sinews of government, they be of three natures; Jura (which I will term freedoms or abilities), Leges, and Mores.

For Abilities and Freedoms, they were amongst the Romans of four kinds, or rather degrees. Jus Connubii, Jus Civitatis, Jus Suffragii, and Jus Petitionis or Honorum. Jus Connubii is a thing in these times out of use: for marriage is open between all diversities of nations. Jus Civitatis answereth to that we call Denization or Naturalization. Jus Suffragii answereth to the voice in Parliament, or voice of election of such as have voice in Parliament. Jus Petitionis answereth to place in counsel and office. And the Romans did many times sever these freedoms; granting Jus Connubii sine Civitate, and Civitatem sine Suffragio, and Suffragium sine Jure Petitionis, which was commonly with them the last.

For Laws, it is a matter of curiosity and inconvenience to seek either to extirpate all particular customs, or to draw all subjects to one place or resort of judicature or session. It sufficeth that there be an uniformity in the principal and fundamental laws both ecclesiastical and civil. For in this point the rule holds which was pronounced by an ancient father, touching the diversity of rites in the Church; for finding the vesture of the Queen (in the psalm), which did prefigure the Church, was of divers colours, and finding again that Christ's coat was without

For those we called Leges: R.

VOL. III.

H

Virg.

Eneid: 1°.

a seam, he concludeth well, In veste varietas sit, scissura non sit.

For Manners, a consent in them is to be sought industriously, but not to be inforced. For nothing amongst people breeds so much pertinacy in holding their customs, as sudden and violent offer to remove them.

And as for Employments, it is no more but an indifferent hand, and execution of that verse:

"Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur."

There remaineth only to remember out of the grounds of Nature the two conditions of perfect mixture; whereof the former is Time for the natural philosophers say well, that compositio is opus hominis, and mistio opus naturæ. For it is the duty of man to make a fit application of bodies together, but the perfect fermentation and incorporation of them must be left to Time and Nature; and unnatural hasting thereof doth disturb the work, and not dispatch it. So we see, after the grift is put into the stock and bound, it must be left to Nature and Time to make that continuum, which was at first but contiguum. And it is not any continual pressing or thrusting together that will prevent nature's season, but rather hinder it. And so in liquors, those mixtures which are at the first troubled, grow after clear and settled by the benefit of rest and time.

The second condition is, that the greater draw the less. So we see when two lights do meet, the greater doth darken and drown the less. And when a smaller river runs into a greater, it leeseth both the name and stream.

And hereof, to conclude, we have an example in the kingdoms of Judah and Israel. The kingdom of Judah contained two tribes; the kingdom of Israel contained ten. King David reigned over Judah for certain years, and after the death of Ishbosheth, the son of Saul, obtained likewise the kingdom of Israel. This union continued in him, and likewise in his son Salomon, by the space of seventy years at least between them both. But yet, because the seat of the kingdom was kept still in Judah, and so the less sought to draw the greater, upon the first occasion offered the kingdoms brake again, and so continued divided ever after.

Thus having in all humbleness made oblation to your Majesty

of these simple fruits of my devotion and studies, I do wish, (and I do wish it not in the nature of an impossibility, to my thinking), that the happy union of your Majesty's two kingdoms of England and Scotland may be in as good an hour and under the like divine providence, as that was between the Romans and the Sabines.

FRA. BACON.

.

With regard to the policy to be pursued in Ireland, which was perhaps the next question in immediate urgency, so impossible it was to stand still and yet so much depended upon the step taken,Bacon had communicated his thoughts not long before to Cecil: and as Montjoy was now in England and a councillor, he had no pretence for interposing further in the matter at this time.

But there was another question, if not so immediately urgent, yet of a far more vital character, which forced itself upon James's attention, and upon the answer to which hung consequences beyond all estimate or prediction; a question turning indeed upon arguments which lay within his own province and which he was well qualified to handle, but involving issues which it was hardly possible for him to appreciate. This was the dispute between the High Churchmen and the Puritans; which Elizabeth had bequeathed to him still unsettled, but yet (for a new King coming to it unembarrassed by personal antecedents, able to understand the fact, and willing to accept and make the best of it) in a condition apparently very favourable for settlement.

:

Elizabeth had made up her mind at the beginning of her reign how much innovation she would allow Protestantism was to go so far, and no further. Nor had she miscalculated her own position. To the last, when a wave threatened to encroach, she could rebuke it and it would go back. But the tide was coming in nevertheless ; and had she reigned a few years longer, and in security from foreign enemies, she would have had to choose between making terms with the non-conformists and suffering from the want of subsidies. How she would have dealt with them, it is of course vain to conjecture. But I suppose her principal difficulty would have lain in her own mind and declared resolution. She would have had to retract a policy to which she stood publicly committed; and though I dare say she would have known how to do it and would have got it done, the difficulty would have been considerable. To James the thing. was comparatively easy. He was not as yet personally committed