fragments. From some of the higher points, the two blue lines seen on the northern and southern horizon mark the Bristol and British Channel. Near the Cheese-wring are pointed out the stone cabins of Daniel Gumb, who, from an abhorrence of taxes and a love of Euclid and the mathematics, made his home in a cave. His wife and family lived with him. Near Liskeard are found Anchusa sempervirens, viola lactea, vaccinium myrtilus, geranium columbinum, lichen articulatus, 1. scrobiculatus, 1. plumbeus, and 1. vulpinus.

On Bradock (Broad-oak) Down, Sir R. Hopton signally defeated Ruthen and the rebels, Jan. 19, 1643. Five miles north-west from Liskeard is St. Neots, with a noble granite church, built 1480, famous for its rich stained glass, set up 1200-1532, which fills 15 windows. The oak-ribbed roof bears the date 1593. In the chancel is preserved a curious reliquary chest of stone, measuring 18 in. by 14 in. On Bury Down is an oblong camp, with a single trench, 330 ft. by 200 ft.

The bridle-road from Polpence to FOWEY (Foys Fenton, the walled spring), 7 miles from Lostwithiel, passes the church of Llansaloes and the tall cliffs of Polruan (Roman's Pool), near which are a blockhouse and the ruins of the Baptistery, and a cross of St. Saviour. In the neighbourhood of the town are beautiful walks. The river rises on the eastward of the grand Brown Wily, the highest land of Cornwall, which soars to an elevation of 1368 feet. Captain Grose, the antiquarian, enthusiastically declared that he found a haunch of venison, metaphorically speaking, at every ten yards in Fowey.

By arms or piracy, this seaport rose into importance during the wars of the Edwards and Henry V., when commerce, enterprise, and daring, made its seamen great and wealthy. In the reign of Edward III., their ships refused to veil bonnet to the galleys of Rye and Winchelsea; and a minor civil war ensuing, the Sussex men had to yield to the stout Cornish sailors, who ever after quartered, without leave, the arms of the Cinque Ports on their ensigns, and were proudly known as the "Fowey gal

lants." The townsmen, however, averred that they bore the cognisance, in honour of their having rescued the merchantmen of Rye from Norman pirates in the time of Henry III. In the reign of Edward IV., when the war was ended, they continued to plunder the French ships; the king remonstrated, but they slit the ears of his pursuivants. Such a daring insult, with other excesses, provoked a cruel revenge; the ringleaders were inveigled to Lostwithiel, on the pretence that the king required them for his fleet, and some were put to death; the purses of the townsmen were drained, and their chain was given to Dartmouth, 1478. In the reign of Edward III., a romantic incident occurred: Sir Reginald de Mohun anchored at Fowey, and while lying windbound, on his way to Ireland with his company of soldiers, he, for pastime, let fly a hawk. The bird flew to Hall Gardens. The knight pursued it, and entering the avenue, there met the lovely heiress of Sir John Fitzwilliam; Sir Reginald gave up the wars and won the lady. Formerly on May-day, the men of Polruan and Fowey used to send out their champions, clad in white, and standing on the forecastles of 6-oared galleys, to joust on the water. The boats were rowed fiercely together, and the battle seldom ended till most of the warriors had sounded the depth of the harbour.

In July, 1644, the Earl of Essex fixed his head-quarters at Fowey, but he was compelled ignominiously to fly to Plymouth, leaving a garrison of 5000 men to surrender to King Charles. In 1646, Fairfax occupied the town. In July 1666, the rich Virginian fleet was chased into the harbour by Dutchmen, who were compelled to sheer off by the fire of the forts. De Ruyter, in 1667, suffered a similar repulse. The fort of St. David, on St. Catharine's Point, built by the townsfolk in the reign of Henry VIII., mounts four guns: a blockhouse and two smaller forts with six guns intervene between it and the town. The rocks here are of hard bluish slate, with broad veins of fat quartz, and contain zoophytes, encrinites, and some rare shells. The harbour, which has three fathoms of water, is entered between two square blockhouses, built by

Edward IV between them, as late as 1680, a chain of 200 feet was laid. In 1776, two links, now in a grotto at Menabilly (W. Rashleigh,) (two miles west on Greber Head), were recovered by the fishermen in their nets. The French burned Fowey in 1457; but the brave-hearted dame of Thomas Trewry, of Place, though her husband was absent, vigorously drove them out of her house. In the time of Edward III., the town was a member of the Cinque Ports, and could furnish 47 ships and 770 men. The port has now 118 vessels. The town-hall was built by P. Rashleigh and Viscount Valletort. The church of St. Nicholas, originally dedicated to St. Finbar of Cork, was rebuiltthe north aisle 1336, the rest in 1456; the tower 1446; the oak-roof is good; the pulpit of the 15th century: there are slate effigies in outline of three brothers Treffrey, who died in the reign of Henry VIII., and a brass of a civilian and his wife, 1440.

The borough was incorporated by James II. and William III., and received a new charter in 1819; it has returned members from the 13th year of Elizabeth. The chief ornament of the town is Place (the Palace), a frequent Cornish name of chief mansions, as Court is in Devon and Somerset. It was built in the reign of Henry VI., but greatly enlarged, and adorned with a tower 108 feet high by its late proprietor, Mr. Treffrey, a great benefactor of this part of the county. One room is lined with oak, once forming part of H.M.S. Bellerophon which conveyed Bonaparte to St. Helena. Mr. Treffrey built the granite viaduct, which bears his name; and formed the breakwater, 450 feet long, at Par Harbour, near St. Blazey (so called from St. Blaize of Sebaste, patron of woolcombers, who is said to have landed here). This great engineer also raised the copper mines of Par Consols to their present importance and value. At St. Blazey was born Robert Allen, afterwards of Prior Park, near Bath, the friend of Warburton, and who introduced the system of Cross Posts. At the time when Sydney Godolphin, a Cornishman, was LordTreasurer, there was no post beyond Exeter; and letters were only forwarded when a large mass had accumulated.

The Minister, however, received his despatches by a weekly messenger, on whose arrival all the gentry of the neighbourhood assembled to hear the newspaper read.

Near Luxilian (St. Julian's Church) is a remarkable whispering valley. The coast from Fowey to Falmouth between Greber Head and Zone, or St. Anne's Point, forms the bays of St. Blazey, St. Austell, Mevagissey, "the mare's hill" (where there is a large Danish camp), Verryan and Gerran, which has a raised beach; with the intervening headlands-Black Head, Chapel Point, with Bodrigan's Leap, a grassy plot on which Sir Harry, a knight of that name, leaped from the rock above to escape his enemies, the Edgecumbes and Trevanions, whose sword and gauntlets hang in St. Michael's, Carhays. Next come Dodman Point (Place of Much Ore), 379 feet high, and Penare Head. Bodrigan means the "hill by the ebbing tide." At Tywardreth (House on the Sand), the rich rood-screen, painted with angels and the instruments of the Passion, no longer remains. The high road from Liskeard to Fowey runs through LOSTWITHIEL (12 miles from Liskeard, by road or railway; by river the distance is 6 miles). Half-way is St. Winnow's church, which contains some old stained glass. The name of Lostwithiel, a town incorporated 1623, signifies the High Palace of the Earls of Cornwall; their Stannary Court being held in the old Hall, built by Earl Edmund. The church of St. Bartholomew has a remarkable feature in Cornwall-a clerestory; an Early English tower, an octagonal lantern, and Decorated spire; an octagonal font, standing on five shafts, with curious sculptures of a bishop, huntsman, lion, and apes. It was occupied as a barrack by the troopers of Essex in 1644. A curious custom prevails upon Low Sunday: the freeholders elect a king; and after attending Divine service, make merry at the mockmonarch's feast. In the neighbourhood are found Sibthorpia Europea, and Lichen paschalis. One mile north is Restormel Castle, of the time of Cœur de Lion, and the palace of Richard, king of the Romans. It was last occupied by the Roundheads, who were driven out by Sir R.

Grenville, Aug. 21, 1644; the ivied keep is surrounded by a moat, now dry; the owl and the bat are its sole tenants; and the silence is only broken by the rushing of the Fowey river beneath. Three miles north-west is Lanhydrock House (T. J. A. Robartes, M.P.), a Jacobean mansion, and Glynn, on the Fowey (Lord Vivian); and four miles east, is Boconnoc House (Hon. G. M. Fortescue), a plain structure, but full of melancholy interest. It was the headquarters of Prince Maurice; and of the King, Aug. 9— Sep. 4, 1644. Prince Charles was here, 1646. Near the Rookwood-grove Gate is the stump of a noble oak, under which King Charles knelt to receive the Holy Sacrament: an assassin fired upon him with an arquebuse, and the ball glancing from the tree, killed a poor fisherman in the Hall walk. Ever afterwards, said the peasants, the leaves grew ruddy and variegated, at an act little less than sacrilege. Here lived Lord Mohun, slain in a duel by the Duke of Hamilton in 1712; Lord Camelford also (who built the gallery, 110 feet long) fell, under similar circumstances, in 1804. Boconnoc was afterwards the residence of T. Pitt, Governor of Madras, the fortunate possessor of the famous diamond, which he purchased for 24,000l., and sold for 135,000l., eventually to glitter on the hilt of Napoleon's sword. Also Lord Grenville resided here. The great Earl of Chatham was born at Boconnoc Nov. 15, 1708. Two chairs of ebony, made out of Queen Elizabeth's cradle, are preserved here. In the gallery are portraits of Governor Pitt, Bishop Lyttleton, and Earl Stanhope, the gallant English General in Spain, by Kneller; of Sir R. Mohun, by C. James; the Duchess of Cleveland, by Lely; George Grenville, and Richard, Earl Temple, by Sir J. Reynolds; and the bust of the Earl of Chatham, by Wilson. There is a column in the park in honour of Sir R. Lyttleton, 1771. On St. Nighton's (Nectan's) Beacon was the king's camp. The church is of the period of Henry VI., and is remarkable for a small belfry and a fine Norman font.

Bodmin-road station is 9 miles from Liskeard, or 3 miles from Lostwithiel.