928, after Hilduin had been driven out of the see of Liege, he accompanied him into Italy, where King Hugh placed the exiled prelate in the vacant see of Verona; the prince giving his promise, at the same time, that Hilduin should be promoted to the first more considerable dignity which should offer, and that on such an event his friend Ratherius should be his successor in that bishopric. Some time afterwards, a vacancy taking place in the archiepiscopal see of Milan, the King proposed to translate Hilduin into it, and Ratherius was sent to Rome to procure the approbation of Pope John XI. While he was negociating for this purpose, the King changed his mind respecting that dignity in favour of some other person; but this circumstance did not prevent Ratherius from prosecuting the object of his journey, till he obtained the pall for Hilduin, and a papal letter requiring that he himself should be nominated Bishop of Verona. Hugh did not choose to expose himself to the resentment of His Holiness by refusing the nomination; and Ratherius obtained possession of that see in the year 931. The King, however, enraged against him for having been the means of disappointing his private views, demanded the alienation, in his own favour and that of his son, of part of the episcopal revenues. To a proposition so unjust and dishonourable our prelate would not listen; and from that time the King harassed him with persecution, and sought for pretensions to expel him. The war with Arnulphus afforded him a plausible opportunity of gratifying his wishes for Arnulphus having become master of Verona, Hugh accused Ratherius of favouring his party; and upon the recapture of that city, he sent the Bishop prisoner to Pavia, where he remained in confinement during two years and a half. He was then set at liberty, but banished from Italy. After spending five years in exile, he returned into Italy, with the hope of regaining possession of his bishopric. Upon this his enemies took him again into custody, and sent him to Verona, where he lived two years under the government of Milo, count of that city, who would not permit him to recover his episcopal rights. In the mean time Manasses, now Archbishop of Milan, thought proper to ordain a new bishop for the see of Verona; and his proceeding was sanctioned by the Emperor Lotharius, who ordered Ratherius to withdraw from that place. This mandate he obeyed, and retired into Provence; whence he went to the abbey of Lobbes,

His

where the recollection of the honour which he had formerly reflected on that establishment. secured him a welcome reception. Some time afterwards he was sent for by the Emperor Otho, who placed him near the person of his brother Bruno. This prince, having been made Archbishop of Cologn in the year 953, presented Ratherius to the bishopric of Liege; but not without great opposition from a party which proved sufficiently powerful to drive him away two years afterwards. As the Emperor Otho was at this time in Italy, our prelate thought the opportunity favourable for attempting the recovery of his former see of Verona. Accordingly, he laid his case before a synod assembled at Pavia, which passed a a decree that he should be re-established in that bishopric. His peace, however, was soon interrupted by controversies with his clergy, who could not endure his reproofs of their irregularities and corruptions; till at length they became so irksome to him, that he determined to take his final leave of Italy. In pursuance of this resolution, about the year 966 he came to France, where he purchased estates, and found means to obtain the abbeys of St. Amand, of Aumont, and of Aunay. He died at Namur, about the year 973. works shew that he was well acquainted with the canons and the Latin fathers, and they afford evident proofs of great sagacity and judgment, while they breathe throughout an ardent love of virtue. They also shew that he was most zealous and intrepid in exposing the irregularities and vices of the times, and particularly the corrupt morals of ecclesiastics. The style in which they are written is obscure and perplexed. In the 2d vol. of Father d'Achery's Spicilegium," the following remains of Ratherius are inserted: a treatise "On the Contempt of the Canons, in two Parts," under the whimsical title of "Volumen Perpendiculorum Ratherii, &c.;" "Apologies;" "A Statement of the Differences between him and his Clergy;" five "Letters," on particular occasions; "A Synodical Letter," for the instruction of his clergy; "A Journal of his Expedition to Rome," "Sermons," &c. In the 12th vol. of the same collection is preserved, a "Letter" of the author on the subject of the eucharist; and in the 9th vol. of Martenne's and Durand's "Amplissima Collectio veterum Monumentorum," a collection of some of his discourses, entitled, "Præloquiorum Libri Sex." Cave's Hist. Lit. Vol. II. sub sac. Obsc.

Dupin

Moreri.

Mosh. Hist. Eccl. sac. x. par. 2. eap. ii. § xiii.-M.

RATKAI, GEORGE, born in 1613 of a noble family in Hungary, entered into holy orders, and was made canon of the church of Zagrab. He obtained the esteem of the viceroy of Croatia, John Draskovitz, who engaged him to compose the history of that province, and gave him free access to its archives. The fruit of his researches appeared in a learned work, entitled, "Memoria Regum et Banorum regnorum Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavoniæ, inchoata ab origine sua usque ad annum, 1652." Vienn. fol. 1652. Nouv. Dict. Hist. A.

RATRAMN, by some improperly called ERTRAMN, a celebrated French Benedictine monk and priest in the 9th century, took the vows in the Abbey of Corbie in Picardy. He applied assiduously to the study of sacred and profane literature, and justly obtained a high reputation among his contemporaries, for his acquaintance with the Latin and Greek lan guages, the polite learning of the age, the writings of the fathers, divinity, and the sacred Scriptures. By his superior merits he recommended himself to the favour of the Emperor Charles the Bald, who made him abbot of the monastery of Orbais, in the diocese of Soissons. He was one of the learned divines who were ordered by that prince to answer the treatise of Paschasius Radbert, "concerning the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ," in which the extravagant doctrine of the real presence, or transubstantiation, was for the first time advanced. In his piece on the subject, Ratramn ably and successfully exposes the new dogma laid down by Paschasius, and appears in general to concur in opinion with those who deny that the body and blood of Christ are really present in the sacrament, and who maintain on the contrary, that they are only represented by the bread and wine as their signs or symbols. There are, however, several passages in it which seem inconsistent with this just and rational notion of the eucharist, or, at least, susceptible of different interpretations, and have therefore given rise to various disputes. But the ambiguous expressions in these passages may fairly be ascribed to a want of method, perspicuity, and logical precision. In order to weaken the evidence which this work furnishes against the claims of the popish doctrine to a higher antiquity, some Catholic writers endeavour to destroy the credit of the author by unfounded calumnies; others maintain that his performance is corrupted and interpolated, in opposition to the testimony of

numerous valuable ancient manuscripts; while others deny that Ratramn ever wrote the work which is attributed to him. That he was its undoubted author, however, Father Mabillon has ingeniously acknowledged, and proved, not by conjectures, but by facts which are decisive of the question; as is fully shewn in the two first of our authorities. The learned father, indeed, and after him Dupin, and others, have exercised their ingenuity in the vain attempt of reconciling the doctrine of our author with that of the Catholic church. Ratramn's book was probably written some time about the year 840, and was first printed at Cologn, in 1532, and afterwards at Basil, Geneva, Lyons, Paris, &c. Several English versions of it have appeared, the best of which was published at Dublin in 1753, with an historical dissertation prefixed to it, in which the author and his works are ably defended against the calumnies and fictions of the Roman Catholic writers. The next work by which Ratramn distinguished himself was written about the year 849, in defence of Godeschalc and his opinions, while that unfortunate monk lay in prison at the monastery of Hautvilliers, languishing under the unjust and barbarous treatment which he received from Hincmar, Archbishop of Rheims. It is entitled “ De Prædestinatione, Lib. II.," and is inserted in the second vol. of Maguin's "Veterum Auctorum qui nono sæculo de Prædestinatione et Gratia scripserunt, Opera et Frag.," &c.; and also in the 15th vol. of the "Bibl. Patr."

In the life of Paschasius Radbert, we mentioned the extravagant notion which that monk had adopted from the writings of some German doctors, and which he zealously propagated in France," concerning the manner in which Christ was born of the Virgin." This notion Ratramn warmly opposed, and wrote a book, "De Partu Virginis," with the express design of proving, that Christ entered into the world in the very same way with other mortals, and that his virgin-mother bare him, as other women bring forth their offspring. In the first vol. of D'Achery's "Spicilegium" the curious reader may meet with this treatise. A more interesting controversy called our author into the field in the year 867. For a long time a vindictive and jealous spirit of animosity and contention, originating in their mutual ambition, had prevailed between the bishops of Rome and Constantinople, and had frequently discovered itself in acts of violence and rage. This spirit broke forth into a most dreadful flame in the year 858, when the learned Photius was

chosen Patriarch of Constantinople by the Emperor Michael, in the place of Ignatius, whom that prince had sent into exile. In a council held at that city in 61 his proceeding was justified and applauded, though it was far from meeting with general approbation. From this council Ignatius appealed to the Roman Pontiff, Nicholas I., who, in a council assembled at Rome in 862, excommunicated Photius as unlawfully elected. The new patriarch, however, was so far from being terrified by this excommunication, that he assembled a council at Constantinople, in 866, in which he declared Nicholas unworthy of the place which he held in the church, and of being admitted to the communion of Christians. He went yet further, and preferred a charge of heresy against the church of Rome in general, consisting of several articles. These articles Nicholas sent to Hincmar, and the other Gallican bishops, in the year 867, calling upon them and their clergy to refute the accusations of Photius. On this occasion Ratramn stepped into the field, and employed the whole force of his erudition and zeal in endeavouring to maintain the cause of the Latin church. The work which he produced is entitled "Contra Græcorum Errores, Lib. IV.," and was first printed by Father D'Achery, in the second vol. of his "Spicilegium." We have no information concerning either the time of Ratramn's death or his age. He was distinguished not only by his learning, but by his piety and modesty, and he was held in high -esteem by the most learned men of his time. For an account of such of his pieces as are yet unpublished or lost, we refer our readers to Cave's Hist. Lit. Vol. II. sub sæc. Phot. Dupin. Moreri. Mosheim's Hist. Eccl. sac. ix. par. ii. cap. ii. iii., with the Notes to Maclaine's Version. -- M.

RAU, JOHN-JAMES, an able anatomist and surgeon, was born in 1668 at Baden in Swabia. His parents were too indigent to give him much education; and after spending three years in the shop of a surgeon at Strasburg, he was left to shift for himself, with a trifling sum to set him out on his travels. He rambled as far as Hamburg, and then going on board a ship bound for Norway, he arrived at Bergen, where he entered into the service of a surgeon. Unable, however, to bear the cold and hardships of that country, he got a passage to Amsterdam, and was there received as surgeon to a man of war. Returning from a cruize at the time the Prince of Orange was preparing for his expedition to England, he was appointed surgeon to the vice-admiral's ship. By rigid

frugality he saved a sum which enabled him to pursue the study of medicine at Leyden, and he afterwards went to Paris for improve ment in anatomy and surgery; in both which situations nothing could surpass the ardour of his application. In 1694, returning to Leyden, he took the degree of doctor of physic, having maintained a thesis "De Origine et Generatione Dentium." He then fixed his abode at Amsterdam, where he so much distinguished himself by the neatness of his dissections, and his skill in making preparations, that in 1696 the magistrates gave him permission to lecture pub licly in their amphitheatre. The opposition of Ruysch, however, who possessed an exclusive privilege, obliged him to shut up his school; in resentment for which illiberality he published an epistle to that anatomist, "De Septo Scroti," disputing his title to a discovery which Ruysch had claimed. In a second epistle he replied to Ruysch's answer, and gave a more exact description of the part in question.

About this time the famous empirical lithotomist, Frere Jacques, was at Amsterdam, where he was permitted to practise his operation. Rau took every opportunity of attending upon him; and though, as a man of science, he saw much in his method to be disapproved, through the imperfection of his instruments and his ig norance of anatomy, yet he found its general principle worth adopting. After Frere Jacques had been obliged, from frequent failures, to quit Amsterdam, Rau practised the lateral operation of lithotomy with great credit and success. He taught his method to no one, but the celebrated anatomist Albinus published a description of it, with engravings of his instruments. It appears that he opened the bladder near its neck on one side, a little towards its inferior and posterior part. An invitation from the University of Leyden to Rau, to occupy the chair of anatomy and surgery, left vacant in 1713 by the death of Bidloo, induced. him, though with reluctance, to remove thither, on which occasion he delivered an oration " De Methodo Anatomen docendi et discendi." He enriched the amphitheatre of that school with a great number of preparations, which he bequeathed to the University, and of which a catalogue was given by Albinus under the title of " Index Suppellectilis Anatomica Ravianæ." In 1718 he was nominated rector of the University, but his constitution was then much broken, and he died in September 1719. Rau was a man of rough manners, and avaricious; but sober, industrious, quick, and ingenious. He lived in celibacy, and was always intent

upon professional objects. He published no other writings than the few above mentioned, but the substance of his anatomical lectures was inserted by one of his disciples in the appendix to Valentine's "Amphitheatrum Zootomicum." His life was written by his successor Albinus. Halleri Bibl. Anatom. & Chirurg. Eloy Dict.-A.

RAULIN, JOHN, a French moral and devotional writer in the 15th century, was born at Toul in the year 1443. He pursued his studies at the University of Paris, where he was admitted to the degree of doctor of divinity in 1480, and filled with distinction the chair of professor in that faculty. He obtained the dignity of grand-master of the college of Navarre, and founded a good library in that seminary. Becoming afterwards dissatisfied with the world, he embraced the monastic life at the abbey of Cluny in Burgundy, in 1497, and died in 1514, when about 71 years of age. He was much admired as a preacher by his contemporaries, and several of his "Sermons" have been published, which exhibit striking specimens of the bad taste which prevailed in France in the 15th century. They abound in ridiculous tales, and in allegories, and forced figures without number. The same faults pervade the author's moral and pious pieces, which, with his other works, were collected together and published at Antwerp in 1611, in 6 vols. 4to. They would not, however, have entitled the author to this notice, had they not been accompanied with a curious and valuable collection of "Letters," which serve to illustrate the history, manners, and sentiments of his age. They were first published after his death, in 1521, 4to., under the title of "Joannis Raulin Epistolæ Illustrium Virorum." Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

RAULIN, JOSEPH, an eminent French physician, was born in 1708 at Aiguetinte, in the diocese of Auch. He first practised in his profession at Nerac in Guienne, where his superior merit was so little understood, that he had abundant leisure to pursue his studies. Having made himself known at Paris by some writings, he removed thither in 1755, and soon obtained extensive practice. He became physician in ordinary to the King, and censor royal, and was aggregated to several literary societies in France, to the Arcadi at Rome, and the Royal Society of London. The French government employed him in drawing up several treatises on popular medical topics, which he wrote in a clear and neat style, and in a luminous method. Of these were, "De la Conser

vation des Enfans," 2 vols.; "Instructions Succintes sur les Accouchemens ;""Traité des Maladies des Femmes en Couche;” “Traité analytique des Eaux Minerales en general;" and Traité des Eaux Minerales de Verdusan." His other principal works are, "Traité des Maladies occasionnées par les Exces de Chaleur, de Froid, d'Humidité, et autres Intemperies de l'Air," "Traité de Affections Vapoureuses du Sexe;" "Traité des Fleur Blanches ;" "Traité de la Phthisie Pulmonaire." He also wrote a work relative to agriculture, which was, “Examen de la Houille, &c.," or an examination into the properties of the ashes of fossil coal used as a manure. This physician, who was an able natural philosopher, an accurate observer, and a good reasoner, and who laudably fulfilled all the social duties, died at Paris, in 1784, at the age of 76. Eloy. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

RAUWOLF, LEONARD, a physician and naturalist, was a native of Augsburg. He practised physic in that city, and was pensioned by the magistrates, on the condition of not absenting himself without their permission. In 1573 he obtained leave to spend some years in travelling, to which he was principally induced by a passion for botany. During that and the two succeeding years he visited Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Mesopotamia, and was about to cross to India, when he was recalled from Bassora. With a rich treasure of observations and natural curiosities, he returned to Augsburg, where he resumed his medical office. At length, being deprived of his pension on account of his adherence to the reformed religion, he removed to Lintz, where he had the title of physician to the Archdukes of Austria, and where he died in 1606. Rauwolf published an account of his travels in German, at Frankfort in 1582, and in a more complete form at Lauwingen in 1583, 4to. They contain many valuable observations respecting the manners, customs, religion, and natural history of the countries he visited, and are much esteemed for fidelity. Some plates are given of rare plants, excellently engraved by Camerarius. The work has been translated into English and French. His dried plants came into the possession of the University of Leyden, and from them, 350 in number, was drawn up "Flora Orientalis, seu recensio Plantarum quas L. Rauwolfius in Syria, Arabia, Mesopotamia, Assyria, et Judæa collegit," edited by J. Fred. Gronovius, Leid. 1755, 8vo., arranged in the Linnæan order, with additions and corrections. Halleri Bibl. Botan. Eley.-A.

RAVIUS, or RAVE, CHRISTIAN, a learned

German Orientalist in the 17th century, was born at Berlin in the year 1613. He was much attached to the study of the eastern languages, and, after spending eight years in different universities on the continent, came over to England in 1638, and took up his residence at the University of Oxford. As he brought with him letters of recommendation from Lewis de Dieu, John Gerard Vossius, and other learned men, he was invited to Dublin by Archbishop Usher, Primate of Ireland, who settled on him a very handsome stipend, and engaged him to take a voyage into the East, for the purpose of collecting ancient and curious manuscripts. About the same time, upon the recommendation of the celebrated Grotius, Cardinal Richelieu invited him to enter into his employment, for the same purpose; but his engagement with the Archbishop induced him to decline the Cardinal's proposals. He was at Constantinople in 1639, where he became acquainted with the learned Edward Pococke, and not only improved the acquaintance which he had before cultivated with the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac, but also made himself master of the Turkish, Arabic, and Persian languages. In the mean time, countenanced by the English ambassador to the Porte, and the English consul at Smyrna, he prosecuted the main object of his journey with such success, that he was enabled to bring back with him to England more than three hundred choice oriental manuscripts. For this service he was bountifully rewarded by the Archbishop, as he very gratefully acknowledged. In 1642, he taught the oriental languages at Greshamcollege in London, and at London-house; "and was then," says Wood, "subservient to the dominant party in England." During the following year he went to Holland, where he presented some manuscripts to the public library of the city of Utrecht, and was afterwards appointed professor of the oriental languages in the University at that place. How long he retained that situation we are not precisely informed; but we find that he had again returned to England in 1648, where he took the covenant, and was made fellow of Magdalen-college, Oxford, by the parliamentary visitors. However, not meeting with encouragement as a tutor in the eastern tongues, owing to the distracted state of the times, he had not resided at Oxford above twelve months, before he determined once more to take his leave of England. He now bent his course to Sweden, where he obtained the appointment of professor of the oriental languages at the University

of Upsal. From this post he was driven by poverty, about the year 1657, the revenues of the Upsal professors having been applied towards defraying the expences of the war between Sweden and Denmark. Afterwards, he for some time filled the chair of oriental literature at the University of Kiel, in Holstein; and from thence removed to occupy the same professorship at Frankfort on the Maine. He died at this city in 1677, about the age of 64. His works consist of "Obtestatio ad universam Europam pro discendis Rebus et Linguis orientalibus, ac conjuganda Africæ atque Asiæ Eruditione," 1644, folio, written four years before at Constantinople; "Orthographiæ et Analogie (vulgo Etymologiæ Ebraiæ Delineatio, juxta vocis partes abstractas," &c. 1646, 4to.; " Primæ aliquot Alcorani Surat, Latiné," 1646, 4to.; "A Discourse of the Oriental Tongues, viz. Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, and Ethiopic," &c. 1649, 8vo. in English; " A General Grammar of the Hebrew, Samaritan, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, and Ethiopic Tongues," 1649, 8vo., also in English; to which is added, "Sesqui-decuria Epistolarum adoptivarum ex rariis Orbis partibus commissarum, circa Orientalium studiorum promovendorum Curiam," containing, among others, a letter on that subject from Edward Pococke; a Latin version from the Arabic of "Appollonius's Conic Sections," 1661; "Notæ in Grammaticam Hebræam Martinii ;” « Versio Nova in Caput IV. Geneseos, cum quibusdam Annotat.;" "Concordantiarum Hebraicarum et Chaldaicarum Epitome;" "Chronologia Biblica nova;" "Triginta arcana Biblica ;" "Chronologia restituta contra Vossium;" "Catena magnetica Annorum Mundi;" "Epistolæ variæ ad doctis. Viros;" together with "Orations," "Dissertations," "Disputations," &c. He had a brother, named JOHN RAVIUS, who was made professor of philosophy at Rostock, about the year 1638, and who read lectures in that faculty at Gripswald, and at Sora in Zealand, about the year 1641. In 1664 or 1665, he was appointed counsellor and librarian to the Elector of Brandenburg. He was the author of "Commentarius in Cornelium Nepotem," 1635,8vo.; "Miltiades Cornelii Nepotis," 1641; "Summa Studiorum pro Nobilitate Danica," 1641, 4to.; "Aphorismi militares," 1641; "Disputationes in Caium Julium Cæsarem de Bello civili," 1641, &c. Wood's Athen. Oxon. Vol. II. Witte Diar. Biogr. Moreri. - M.

RAWLINSON, RICHARD, LL.D., a zealous antiquary, fourth son of Sir Thomas Raw