་ duced to perfect imbecility, and died in July 1718, in the 74th year of his age. He was interred at Jordans, near Beaconsfield. His works were printed collectively in 1726 in two vols. 4to. Select editions have since been given, omitting most of the controversial pieces. Life prefixed to Penn's Works. Biogr. Britan. Proud's Hist. of Pennsylvania.-A. In the remainder of his life. He was received as the true father of his colony, and assiduously applied to the correction of abuses, and various public concerns of importance. He gave the colonists a new charter of privileges, passed a number of new laws, and formed treaties of friendship with several of the neighbouring Indian tribes. His administration was attended with difficulties, but was, upon the whole, po- PENNANT, THOMAS, Esq., an eminent pular and successful; and he would probably naturalist and tourist, was the son of a gennever again have crossed the Atlantic, had not tleman of moderate fortune at Downing, in measures been taken in England to reduce all Flintshire, where he was born in 1726. He the proprietary governments to regal ones. The received his school-education at Wrexham and intelligence of this design caused him, in 1701, at Fulham, and from the latter was removed to return to England; where he found that the to the University of Oxford, where he entered bill for the purpose above-mentioned, which upon the study of jurisprudence, but, as had been postponed, was finally dropt. Not appears, with no intention of pursuing the long after, King William died, and Anne suc- law as a profession. He has himself recorded, ceeded, with whom Penn was in favour, as the that a present made him at the age of twelve of I ancient friend of her father. He now took Willoughby's Ornithology gave him the first lodgings at Kensington, and frequented the taste for the study of natural history; and that court, still, however, employing his pen in the a tour into Cornwall, which he made about service of religion and the defence of his sect, 1746 from Oxford, and in which he became and occasionally travelling in his ministerial acquainted with Dr. Borlase, inspired him function. In 1707 he was unfortunately in- with a strong passion for mineralogy. volved in a law-suit with the executors of a 1754 he made an extensive tour in Ireland, person who had been his steward, and whose which seems, however, to have been rather an demands upon him he thought himself bound excursion for pleasure than for scientific to resist. Not obtaining the relief he expected purposes. In that year he was elected a Felfrom the court of chancery, he was obliged to low of the Society of Antiquaries, whose purtake up his abode within the rules of the Fleet suits he always combined with the study of till the affair was compromised. It is not to be nature. It is not to be nature. A paper on certain coralloid bodies concealed, that a party in Pennsylvania made found in Coalbrook-dale, inserted in the Philoheavy complaints against his government of sophical Transactions of 1756, was the first of that colony, and so much disquieted him, that his publications in the department of natural at one period he was inclined to make over his history. He had the year before commenced right as governor to the crown. How far a correspondence with the illustrious Linnæus, there was real ground of blame in his adminis- to whom he sent an account of a concha anomia tration it is not easy to determine; in fact, all from the Norwegian seas; and, in return, he the proprietary governments have been subject was made a member of the Royal Society of to similar discontents, naturally arising from Upsal. Mr. Pennant, about this time, marthe double relation of proprietor and governor. ried an amiable woman, and passed some On the whole, it is certain that the colony of years in domestic retirement. By way of ocPennsylvania soon became one of the most cupation, he began, in 1761, to prepare his flourishing of the North-American settlements, "British Zoology," in 132 coloured plates, and still reveres the memory of its founder. imperial folio, with explanations. It was published for the benefit of the Welsh charity school in London. He came to the possession of the estate of Downing at the death of his father in 1763, and with it a rich mine of lead ore, which enabled him to make great improvements. The infirmities of age now began to creep upon him; and the air of London not agreeing with him, he took a handsome seat at Rushcomb, near Twyford, in Buckinghamshire, where he passed the remainder of his life. This proved to be a lengthened state of decline; for having been seized with some fits of the apoplectic kind in 1712, his bodily and mental powers began gradually to decay, though for a considerable time not so much as to prevent his enjoyment of life. He was at length re The death of his wife interrupted his domestic enjoyments, and in the spring of 1765. he made a tour to the continent. France, Switzerland, part of Germany, and Holland, were visited by him; and he became per- sonally known to several men of scientific eminonce, among whom were Buffon, Haller, the Gesners, Trew, Gronovius, and Pallas. His conference with the latter at the Hague, gave rise to the plan of one of his most valuable works, the "Synopsis of Quadrupeds." In 1767, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in the next year he republished his British Zoology, in 2 vols. 8vo., with reduced plates; another volume relative to reptiles and fishes was added in 1769. An "Indian Zoology," of which 12 plates, with descriptions, were published by him in 1769, remained a frag ment. In the same year he undertook a journey to the remotest point of Scotland, and the numerous observations which he made were afterwards the basis of a very interesting publication. In 1770 he published 103 additional plates to his British Zoology, with several new descriptions, and in the following year he printed his Synopsis of Quadrupeds, in one vol. 8vo. His well-earned reputation caused him, in the same year, to receive the compliment, from his alma-mater, of the degree of doctor of laws. His first "Tour in Scotland" was given to the public in 1771, and was received with avidity. At that time Scotland was little known to the sister kingdom, except by slight and partial accounts; and the curious and varied information communicated by this liberal traveller, in a spirit of candour and good-humour, was equally acceptable to both sides of the Tweed. This reception of his work, and the attachment he had contracted to his subject, induced him, in 1772, to repeat his northern tour, and extend it to the principal islands of the Hebrides. For the latter purpose he hired a vessel to convey him from one island to another, and wait upon him at proper stations; and the result was a rich harvest of valuable and entertaining observation. In 1773, he published "Genera of Birds," in one volume; and likewise emand likewise employed himself in a journey through, the northern counties of England. Antiquities and family history were now become favourite objects of his enquiry, and he visited every place which was likely to afford curious matter of this kind. A third edition in 4to. of his first Tour in Scotland, with additional plates, and the first vol. 4to. of his second Tour and Voyage to the Hebrides, were published in 1774. Mr. Pennant was now become an habitual traveller, and he found his excursions, almost always made on horseback, equally serviceable to his health and spirits. Few men, indeed, have more enjoyed the viridis senectus, or better preserved their bodily and mental activity to an advanced period. In all his journeys he laid up new stores of information; and he found even the most frequented tracks. fertile of those topographical memoranda, to which his attention was now chiefly directed. In 1775, he published the third vol. 4to. of his Tour in Scotland, which he had the satisfaction of seeing a popular work both at home. and abroad. Thinking it disgraceful for a literary native of Wales to neglect his own country, so abundant in objects interesting to all the different species of travellers, he gave to the public, in 1778, the result of several journeys through the six counties of North Wales, in one 4to. vol., with many plates, entitled, "A Tour in Wales ;" and in 1781 he added another volume, with the title of "A Journey to Snowdon." These are particularly entertaining on account of the many anecdotes interspersed, illustrative of the manners and history of that part of the island. In the meantime he did not forsake his original object of pursuit, natural history. He had added, in 1777, a 4to. vol. to his British Zoology, containing the vermes, testaceous, and crustaceous animals. His Synopsis of Quadrupeds, now greatly enlarged and improved, and bearing the title of History of Quadrupeds," was published in 2 vols. 4to., 1781; and in the same year, his "History and Natural History of the Turky," was inserted in the Philosophical Transactions. His "Arctic Zoology," in 2 vols. 4to., containing quadrupeds and birds, appeared in 1785. There was prefixed to it a copious introduction, which is, perhaps, the most interesting and original of all his writings. It is a kind of survey of all the coasts of the arctic regions, beginning from the Straits of Dover, and proceeding to the remotest north, on the east and west, and filled with a great variety of geographical, historical, and physical facts, affording a series of the most animated pictures. A supplement to this work was given in 1787. "A Journey from Chester to London," 4to., 1782, and an account of the antiquities of the capital itself, entitled "London," 4to., 1790, were agreeable additions to his publications of this class. The latter, in particular, was popular, and reached a third edition. a third edition. Several smaller pieces of the political and miscellaneous kind, filled up the intervals of his greater works, and proved the continued activity of his mind. Thus far Mr. Pennant has himself recorded the history of his literary life, in a work printed in 1793, together with some miscellaneous tracts. He had at this time taken a formal leave of the public, and had alluded to Gil Blas' Archbishop of Granada, as a memento not to employ his pen till the defect of its powers should become manifest to his readers. But the habit of authorship was too strong to permit him to adhere to his resolution. In 1796 he published "The History of the Parishes of Whiteford and Holywell," 4to.: the first of these was his native parish, and he took occasion to give many particulars of his family history, with a degree of senile garrulity, but enlivened by his usual vivacity. The natural history of the parishes is curious. and instructive. In his literary life he had mentioned a great mass of manuscript which he kept by him under the title of "Outlines of the Globe," being compilations of geographical and other matter, in the manner of the introduction to Arctic Zoology above men tioned, and which was a part of them. From these he published in 1798 two quarto volumes, entitled, "A View of Hindoostan," which were well received by the public. He died in the course of that year, at the age of 72. Besides the works above enumerated, he wrote some smaller pieces, and was a promoter of the publications of other men of science, particularly of Mr. Lightfoot's "Flora Scotica." To the list of his literary honours are to be added his election into the Royal Academy of Stockholm, and the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, besides several minor societies. He had married a second wife in 1776, the sister of his neighbour, Sir Roger Mostyn, and he left a family by both marriages. Mr. Pennant possessed a well-compacted frame of body, an open and intelligent aspect, and a cheerfulness and vivacity of disposition, with gentlemanlike manners, which rendered him highly agreeable in society. He was exemplary in the relations of domestic life, zealously attached to the interests of his country, both local and general, and kindly attentive to the wants of his poor neighbours. As an author, he was too rapid and various to be perfectly correct either in matter or style; but he always meant honestly, and was ready to rectify mistakes. In the department of natural history, in which he stands highest, he is clear and judicious in his principles of arrangement, concise, energetic, and exact in his descriptions. He is regarded both by native and foreign naturalists as very respectable authority. Pennant's Literary Life, and History of Whiteford and Holywell.-A. PENNI, GIOVANFRANCESCO, an eminent painter, usually known by the name of Il Fattore, or The Steward, because he managed the domestic affairs of his master Raphael, was born at Florence in 1488. He entered early into the school of Raphael at Rome, and was much beloved and trusted by that great artist, who made him one of his heirs. Penni assisted him in his cartoons, and painted the histories of Abraham and Isaac in the loggie of the Vatican. He designed well, and understood every part of his art. He painted both in fresco and oil, in a grand style, more resembling the antique than that of his master; and was peculiarly happy in the landscapes with which he adorned his pieces. After the death of Raphael, he finished, in conjunction with Julio Romano, the pictures begun in the Belvedere palace, and painted the hall of Constantine in the Vatican, from the designs of his master. He painted several. pieces in concert with Perino del Vaga, who married his sister. After dividing the property left him by Raphael, with his co-heir, Julio Romano, he followed the latter to Mantua, where he was working for the duke: but being coldly received, he made the tour of Lombardy, and then went to Naples, upon the invitation of the Marquis del Vasto. He was proceeding successfully in that capital, when he was seized with a disorder of which he died in 1528, at the age of 40. So few pictures of this master remain, that they are considered as great rarities, and are highly valued. D'Argenville. Pilkington's Dict.-A. PENNOT, GABRIEL, an Italian canonregular of the order of St. Augustine in the 16th and early part of the 17th century. Of his personal history we are furnished with no other particulars, than that he was a native of Verona, and flourished under the pontificate of Pope Urban VIII.; that he distinguished himself by his learning, and by his virtues; and that, on account of his extraordinary merits, he was chosen to fill the most important and honourable offices belonging to his congregation. Besides some theological and controversial works, he wrote a curious historical account of the order of which he was a member, which will be of use to the ecclesiastical historian, and claims for the author this brief notice in our pages. It is entitled, "Generalis totius Ordinis clericorum canoni corum Historia tripartita," and was published at Rome in 1624, and reprinted at Cologn in 1645. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M. PENRY, or AP-HENRY, JOHN, a noted Weish Non-conformist divine, and a victim to persecution and tyranny in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was born in some part of the county of Brecknock, about the year 1559. When he was about the age of nineteen, he became a sub-sizer of Peter-House, in the University of Cambridge, where he was admitted to the degree of B. A. about the year 1583. Anthony Wood says, that he afterwards performed some, or most, of the exercises requisite for his taking the degree of Master; but that, quitting Cambridge abruptly, for reasons not known, he removed to the University of Oxford, where he entered a commoner of St. Alban's-Hall. Here he proceeded M. A. in 1586; and about the same time, having taken holy orders, he preached at Oxford, as he did afterwards at Cambridge, with great reputation. Mr. Penry, however, soon rendered himself obnoxious to the ruling party in the church, by adopting the sentiments of that body of the clergy who were distinguished by the name of Puritans. Having chosen his lot with this proscribed party, he travelled into Wales, and was the first, as he said, who preached the Gospel publicly to the Welsh, and sowed the good seed among his countrymen. In the year 1588 he published "A View of some Part of such public Wants and Disorders as are in the Service of God, within Her Majesty's Country of Wales; with an humble Petition to the high Court of Parliament for their speedy Redress," 8vo. ; in which he undertook to shew, not only the necessity of reforming the state of religion among the Welsh, but also the most proper means for bringing about that work. He likewise published, about the same time, "An Exhortation to the Governors and People of Her Majesty's Country of Wales, to labour earnestly to have the preaching of the Gospel planted among them," 8vo. Both these pieces were written upon puritanical principles; on which account they were attacked by some zealous friends to the established hierarchy. While there were any hopes of compromising matters between the Church and the Puritans, the controversy maintained by their respective advocates was carried on with some decency; but when all hopes of accommodation were at an end, the contending parties loaded each other with the heaviest reproaches. On both sides they had recourse to detraction and satire, and many of the publications which they respectively sent abroad, were distinguished by an unbecoming mixture of argument, virulence, and scurrility. As the public printing-presses were shut against the Puritans, some of them purchased a private one, and carried it from one part of the country to another, to prevent discovery. Their publications which excited the greatest attention, were supposed to be the productions of a club of writers, since the authors were never discovered; and Mr. Penry was supposed to be one of their most active members. Among the tracts which were printed and dispersed by them all over the kingdom, one that gave the greatest offence bore the name of "Martin Mar-Prelate;" which contained a violent and bitter satire against the hierarchy and all its supporters, and was soon followed by other pieces of the same description, for the titles of which the reader may consult either of our authorities. When these pieces had been published, a special warrant was issued by the privy council in 1590, with the signatures of Archbishop Whitgift and several other members, for the apprehending of Mr. Penry as an enemy to the state, and calling upon all the Queen's good subjects to consider him in that light. To avoid falling into the hands of his enemies, well knowing what little mercy he had to expect from them, he withdrew into Scotland. In this country he drew up many observations on subjects relating to religion, for his own private use; and he prepared the heads of a petition, or address, to the Queen, intended to lay before her the true state of religion, and the many abuses in the Church of England, especially in the management of ecclesiastical matters, of which Her Majesty was ignorant. One object of it also was, to pray for liberty to return to Wales, with the Queen's permission to preach the Gospel in his native country. With the intention of finishing the petition above mentioned, when opportunity should offer, and of delivering it afterwards to the Queen with his own hands, Mr. Penry ventured back to England in the year 1593, and lived in concealment at Stepney, near London, till he was discovered by the vicar of the parish, upon whose information he was taken into custody, and his papers seized. Having thus secured the person whom they considered to be the most bitter enemy to the established order of things, particularly in ecclesiastical matters, the privy council determined to prosecute him without delay for a capital offence. It was intended to indiet him for the books which had been printed in his name; but it was now too late to endeavour to prove his criminality by any passages to be found in them, since the law required that an accusation should have been preferred against him within one month after their appearance, upon the oath of two witnesses, and that a prosecution should have been commenced within one year from that time. The court, therefore, determined to take a new and most iniquitous step in order to reach his life. He was indicted for "seditious words and rumours uttered against the Queen's most excellent Majesty, tending to the stirring up of rebellion among her subjects;" and no evidence was produced to criminate him, excepting expressions taken from his private papers, the petition and observations above mentioned. Yet upon such proofs was he convicted of felony, and adjudged to be put to death. In vain did he protest against such an unjust use of private observations written in a foreign land, and never communicated to the public; and in vain did he assert his uniform and steady loyalty to Her Majesty, defying his enemies to point out an action of his life which was unbecoming a faithful subject. For his hardihood in attacking the hierarchy it was determined that he should die; and Archbishop Whitgift was the first man who signed the warrant for his execution. The treatment of him in his last moments, likewise, was as unfeeling and cruel as his sentence was unjust. After the warrant had been signed it was immediately sent to the sheriff, who, on the very same day, gave directions for erecting a gallows at St. Thomas Waterings, and while the prisoner was at dinner, sent his officers to bid him prepare to die that afternoon. Accordingly, he was carried in a cart to the place of execution; and when he came thither, the sheriff would not permit him to speak to the people, nor to make any profession of his faith towards God, or of his loyalty to the Queen, but ordered him to be turned off in a hurry on the 29th of May 1593, when he was in the thirty-fourth year of his age. His learning and piety are highly extolled by his friends; and Mr. Strype says of him, that "he was well disposed to religion, but mistaken in his principles, and very hot in his temper, and so became busy in church-controversies, to his own destruction. He had studied the arts and the tongues, and attained to some knowledge and learning therein." He had connected himself with that branch of the Puritans denominated Brownists, who maintained the discipline of the Church of England to be popish and anti-christian, and all her ordinances and sacra VOL. VIII. Neal's Hist. ments invalid; and who held, that every society of Christians meeting in one place constituted an independent church, having full power within itself to admit and exclude members, to choose and ordain officers, and, when the good of the society required it, to depose them, without being accountable to classes, convocations, synods, councils, or any jurisdiction whatsoever. Besides the articles already noticed, Mr. Penry was the author of " An Appellation to the High Court of Parliament, from the bad and injurious Dealing of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and other his Colleagues of the High-commission," 1589, 8vo.; "Dialogue, wherein is plainly laid open the tyrannical Dealings of the Lords Bishops against God's Children," 1589, 4to.; "A Treatise, wherein is manifestly proved, that Reformation, and those that sincerely favour the same, are unjustly charged to be Enemies to Her Majesty, and the State," 1590, 4to. &c. Wood's Athen. Oxon. Vol. I. Strype's Life of Whitgift, b. iv. ch. 3. and 11. Purit. Vol. I. ch. 6. and 8.—M. PEPIN LE GROS, or D'HERISTAL, a celebrated person in French history, was grandson of Arnoul, afterwards Bishop of Metz, and possessed a seat on the Meuse, near Liege, whence he derived his name of Heristal. He governed Austrasia after the death of Dagobert II. in 680, and was defeated in 681 by Ebroin, the powerful mayor of the palace of Neustria. He, however, levied new troops, and after the death of Ebroin, defeated King Thierry, gained possession of Paris, and became master of the King and kingdom, with the title of mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy. He was a man of extraordinary qualities, extremely brave, prudent, and politic, and one who was able to conceal his ambition under the mask of moderation, and a very mild and affable demeanour. When he had seized the reins of government, he employed himself with vigour and industry to correct abuses, restore law and order, repair the finances, and secure the obedience of all ranks in the state. He suffered Thierry to act the pageant of a King, and in public paid him all possible respect, whilst he excluded him from all share in the administration. After the death of Thierry, he placed the crown successively upon the heads of his sons Clovis and Childebert, and his grandson Dagobert, who in French history are denominated, from their insignificance, les Rois Faineans. Pepin, meantime, was engaged in wars with the Frisons and Germans, over whom he was constantly victorious. His ex G |