instructor; but seeing that one defends another most effectually who imparts to him those principles and that knowledge whereby he shall be able to defend himself, our modern use of the word must be taken as a deeper than the earlier.

This is part of the honour that the children owe to their parents and tutors by the commandment of God, even to be bestowed in marriage as it pleaseth the godly, prudent and honest parents or tutors to appoint.-BECON, Catechism, Parker Soc. ed., p. 871.

Tutors and guardians are in the place of parents; and what they are in fiction of law they must remember as an argument to engage them to do in reality of duty.-J. TAYLOR, Holy Living,

iii. 2.

As though they were not to be trusted with the king's brother, that by the assent of the nobles of the land were appointed, as the king's nearest friends, to the tuition of his own royal person. -Sir T. MORE, History of King Richard III., p. 36.

Afterwards turning his speech to his wife and his son, he [Scanderbeg] commended them both with his kingdom to the tuition of the Venetians.-KNOLLES, History of the Turks, vol. i, P. 274.

}

UMBRAGE, 'To take umbrage' is, I think, the UMBRAGEOUS. only phrase in which the word 'umbrage' is still in use among us, the only one at least in which it is ethically employed; but 'umbrage' in its earlier use coincides in meaning with the old French'ombrage' (see the quotation from Bacon), and signifies suspicion, or rather the disposition to suspect; and 'umbrageous,' as far as I know, is constantly employed in the sense of suspicious by our early authors; having now no other but a literal sense. Other uses of 'umbrage,' as those of Fuller and Jeremy Taylor which follow, must be explained from

the classical sympathies of these writers; out of which the Latin etymology of the word gradually made itself felt in the meaning which they ascribed to it, namely as anything slight and shadowy.

I say, just fear, not out of umbrages, light jealousies, apprehensions afar off, but out of clear foresight of imminent danger. -BACON, Of a War with Spain.

To collect the several essays of princes glancing on that project [a new Crusade], were a task of great pains and small profit; especially some of them being umbrages and state representations rather than realities, to ingratiate princes with their subjects, or with the oratory of so pious a project to woo money out of people's purses.-FULLER, The Holy War, b. v. c. 25.

You look for it [truth] in your books, and you tug hard for it in your disputations, and you derive it from the cisterns of the Fathers, and you inquire after the old ways; and sometimes are taken with new appearances, and you rejoice in false lights, or are delighted with little umbrages or peep of day.-J. TAYLOR, Sermon preached to the University of Dublin.

There being in the Old Testament thirteen types and umbrages of this Holy Sacrament, eleven of them are of meat and drink. Id., The Worthy Communicant, c. ii. § 2.

At the beginning some men were a little umbrageous, and startling at the name of the Fathers; yet since the Fathers have been well studied, we have behaved ourselves with more reverence toward the Fathers than they of the Roman persuasion have done.-DONNE, Sermons, 1640, p. 557.

That there was none other present but himself when his master De Merson was murdered, it is umbrageous, and leaves a spice of fear and sting of suspicion in their heads.-REYNOLDS, God's Revenge against Murther, b. iii. hist. 13.

UNCOUTH. Now unformed in manner, ungraceful in behaviour; but once simply unknown. The change in signification is to be traced to the same causes which made barbarous,' meaning at first only foreign, to have afterwards the sense of savage and wild.

Almost all nations regard with disfavour and dislike that which is outlandish, and generally that with which they are unacquainted; so that words which at first did but express this fact of strangeness, easily acquire a further unfavourable sense.

The vulgar instruction requires also vulgar and communicable terms, not clerkly or uncouth, as are all these of the Greek and Latin languages.--PUTTENHAM, Art of English Poesy, b. iii.

C. IO.

Wel-away the while I was so fond,

To leave the good that I had in hond,
In hope of better that was uncouth;
So lost the dog the flesh in his mouth.

SPENSER, The Shepherd's Calendar, September.

• Uncouth, unkist,' said the old famous poet, Chaucer; which proverb very well taketh place in this our new poet, who for that he is uncouth (as said Chaucer) is unkist; and, unknown to most men, is regarded but of a few.-E. K., Epistle Dedicatory prefixed to Spenser's Shepherd's Calendar.

UNEQUAL. From the constant use made of unequal' by our early writers, for whom it was entirely equivalent to unjust, unfair, one might almost suppose they saw in it' iniquus' rather than 'inæqualis.' At any rate they had no scruple in using it in a sense, which inæqualis' never has, but 'iniquus' continually.

To punish me for what you make me do
Seems most unequal.

SHAKESPEARE, Antony and Cleopatra, act ii. sc. 5.

These imputations are too common, sir,

And easily stuck on virtue, when she's poor:

You are unequal to me.

BEN JONSON, The Fox, act iii. sc. I.

Jerome, a very unequal relator of the opinion of his adversaries.—WORTHINGTON, Life of Joseph Mcde, p. xi.

258

Unhandsome-Union.

UNHANDSOME.

See 'Handsome.'

A narrow straight path by the water's side, very unhandsome [où padíav] for an army to pass that way, though they found not a man to keep the passage.-NORTH, Plutarch's Lives, p. 317; cf. p. 378.

The ships were unwieldy and unhandsome.—HOLLand, Livy, p. 1188.

UNHAPPY,

UNHAPPINESS.

Α very deep truth lies involved in the fact that so many words, and I suppose in all languages, unite the meanings of wicked and miserable, as the Greek σxérλcos, our own 'wretch' and 'wretched.' So, too, it was once with 'unhappy,' although its use in the sense of 'wicked' has now passed away.

Fathers shall do well also to keep from them [their children] such schoolfellows as be unhappy, and given to shrewd turns; for such as they are enough to corrupt and mar the best natures in the world.-HOLLAND, Plutarch's Morals, p. 16.

Thou old unhappy traitor,

Briefly thyself remember; the sword is out
That must destroy thee.

SHAKESPEARE, King Lear, act iv. sc. 6.

The servants of Dionyse, king of Sicily, which although they were inclined to all unhappiness and mischief, yet after the coming of Plato, perceiving that for his doctrine and wisdom the king had him in high estimation, they thus counterfeited the countenance and habit of the philosopher.—Sir T. ELYOT, The Governor, b. ii. c. 14.

[Man] from the hour of his birth is most miserable, weak, and sickly; when he sucks, he is guided by others; when he is grown great, practiseth unhappiness and is sturdy; and when old, a child again and repenteth him of his past life.-BURTON, Anatomy of Melancholy; Democritus to the Reader.

UNION. The elder Pliny (H. N. ix. 59) tells us that the name unio' had not very long before his

time begun to be given to a pearl in which all chiefest excellencies, size, roundness, smoothness, whiteness, weight, met and, so to speak, were united; and as late as Jeremy Taylor the word 'union' was often employed of a pearl of a rare and transcendent beauty.

And in the cup an union shall he throw,

Richer than that which four successive kings
In Denmark's crown have worn.

SHAKESPEARE, Hamlet, act v. sc. 2.

Pope Paul II. in his pontifical vestments outwent all his predecessors, especially in his mitre, upon which he had laid out a great deal of money in purchasing at vast rates diamonds, sapphires, emeralds, crysoliths, jaspers, unions, and all manner of precious stones.—Sir PAUL RYCAUT, Platina's History of the Popes, p. 114.

Perox, the Persian king, [hath] an union in his ear worth an hundred weight of gold.-BURTON, Anatomy of Melancholy, mem. ii. sect. 3.

UNKIND, | 'Unkind' has quite forfeited now its UNKINDNESS. primary meaning, namely that which violates the law of kind, thus unkind abominations' (Chaucer), meaning incestuous unions and the like; and has taken up with the secondary, that which does not recognize the duties flowing out of this kinship. In its primary meaning it moves in a region where the physical and ethical meet; in its secondary in a purely ethical sphere. How soon it began to occupy this the passages which follow will show ;

for

out of a sense that nothing was so unnatural or

6

' unkind' as ingratitude, the word early obtained use as a special designation of this vice.

Unkynde [ingrati, Vulg.], cursid, withouten affeccioun.—2 Tim. iii. 2, 3. WICLIF.