FROM THE

CREATION OF THE WORLD

TO THE

BEGINNING OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

BY THE LATE

HON. ALEXANDER FRASER TYTLER,

LORD WOODHOUSELEE,

SENATOR OF THE COLLEGE OF JUSTICE, AND LORD COMMISSIONER OF
JUSTICIARY IN SCOTLAND, AND FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF CIVIL
HISTORY, AND GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES, IN
THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. II.

BOSTON:

FETRIDGE AND COMPANY,

1854.

CONTENTS.

BOOK THE FIFTH.

CHAPTER IV.

Establishment of Christianity in the Empire

CHAPTER V.

Last Period of the Roman History-Arcadius and Honorius-Theodosius II.-

His Code of Laws-Attila-Progress of the Goths-Gothic Kingdom of

Italy

CHAPTER VI.

Genius and Character of the Gothic Nations

12

CHAPTER VII

Character of the Gothic Nations after the Conquest of Italy.

BOOK THE SIXTH.

CHAPTER I.

ARABIA-Ancient Manners and Religion-Rise of Mahomet-His Doctrines-

Conquests-Death-Causes which contributed to the rapid Progress of his

Religion-Conquests of the Successors of Mahomet-Change in the National

Character after the Removal of the Seat of Empire to Bagdad-Learning of

the Arabians

CHAPTER 11.

Uncertainty of the early History of the Franks-Merovingian Period-Mayors

of the Palace-Change in the Dynasty effected by Pepin-Manners and Cus-

toms-Form of Government and Laws of the Franks--Feudal System

36

49

56

CHAPTER III.

Charlemagne-The new Empire of the West-Manners, Government, and

Customs of the Age-Retrospective View of the Affairs of the Church-Arian

and Pelagian Heresies-Origin of Monastic Orders-Pillar-Saints-Auricular

Confession

70

CHAPTER IV.

Successors of Charlemagne-Their Weakness and Dissensions-Rise of the Feu-

dal Aristocracy-First Incursions of the Normans-Their Settlement in Nor-

mandy--State of the Eastern Empire--Of Italy and the Church-Rise of the

Secular Power of the Popedom-Schism of the Greek and Latin Churches-

The Saracens conquer Spain--Extinction of the Empire of Charlemagne-

Empire of Germany-Otho the Great

86

CHAPTER V.

HISTORY OF BRITAIN-Earliest State-Landing of Julius Cæsar-Conquest

by the Romans-Abandonment of Britain on the Gothic Invasion of Italy--

Irruptions of the Picts and Caledonians-Saxon Invasion--Heptarchy-Union

under Egbert-Danish Invasions-Alfred the Great-His Institutions-His

Successors-Norman Conquest

109

CHAPTER VI.

On the Government, Laws, and Manners of the Anglo-Saxons

CHAPTER VII.

State of Europe during the Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Centuries

CHAPTER VIII.

HISTORY OF ENGLAND during the Eleventh, Twelfth, and part of the Thir

teenth Centuries:-Reign and Character of William the Conqueror-Dooms-

day Book-William Rufus-Henry 1-Stephen-Henry II. (Plantagenet)

Richard Cœur de Lion-King John-MAGNA CHARTA

CHAPTER IX.

State of Europe in the Thirteenth Century-The Crusades

CHAPTER X.

Effects of the Crusades-Rise of Chivalry and Romance

131

CHAPTER XI.

State of the European KINGDOMS towards the End of the Crusades, and in

the Age immediately following:-Constantinople recovered by the Greek

Emperors-Sicilian Vespers-Crusade against the Albigenses-Rise of the

House of Austria-Spirit of the Popedom-Persecution of the Knights Tem-

plars-Rise of the Helvetic Republics-Council of Constance

CHAPTER XII.

173

HISTORY OF ENGLAND in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries-Depu

ties from Burghs first called to Parliament--Edward I.-Conquest of Wales-

Scotland-Obscurity of its early History-Malcolm Canmore-David I.---

Alexander III-Bruce and Baliol competitors for the Crown-Designs of

Edward against Scotland-Sir William Wallace-Battles of Falkirk and

Stirling-Death of Wallace-Robert Bruce-Edward II-Battle of Ban-

nockburn-Edward III.-Battle of Halidown Hill-Invasion of France-

The Black Prince-Battle of Cressy-of Durham-of Poictiers-Richard II.

-Henry IV.

184

CHAPTER XIII

ENGLAND and FRANCE in the FIFTEENTH CENTURY:-England under

Henry V.-France under Charles VI.-Battle of Agincourt--Henry V. ac-

quires the Crown of France-Charles VII-Maid of Orleans-France recov-

ered from the English-The Eastern Empire invaded by the Turks-By the

Tartars under Tamerlane-Scanderbeg-Turks under Mahomet the Great'

take Constantinople-Greek Empire extinguished-Constitution of Turkey-

France about the end of the Fifteenth Century-Lewis II.-Charles VIII-

Italy

202

CHAPTER XIV.

SPA N, FRANCE, ITALY, and BRITAIN at the end of the Fifteenth and

beginning of the Sixteenth Century--Ferdinand and Isabella-Extinction of

the Moors in Spain-Lewis XII. of France invades Italy --Pope Alexander

VI.—Julius II.—England-Henry VI-Civil Wars of York and Lancaster-

Margaret of Anjou-Edward IV.-Richard III.-Henry VII-Union of

York and Lancaster-Impostures of Simnel and Warbeck

217

CHAPTER XV.

SCOTLAND from the Middle of the Fourteenth Century to the End of the Reign

of James V.-David II.-Robert II., first of the House of Stuart-Robert III.,

James I., II., III., and IV.-Marriage of James IV. with Margaret, Daughter

of Henry VII., founds the hereditary Title of the House of Stuart to the

Throne of England-Battle of Flodden-James V.-Ancient Constitution of

the Scottish Government

230