A JOURNAL OF INSTRUCTION FOR THE FAMILY AND THE SCHOOL. 8th Week. MONDAY. Moral Biography. INDUSTRY. THE MAN WHO INVENTED THE SPINNING-FRAME. P. Do you remember the machinery-room of the Great Exhibition, Ion? Ion. Yes, what a lively place it was! P. It was indeed "lively," and noisy too. And what a varied company of workers there was, too! There were mule spindles; throstle spindles; roving spindles: there were carding engines; drawing frames; slubbing and roving frames; patent self-acting mules; and others. machines; and more varieties of machines than you can remember. But they ought to be known and remembered, too, by all boys and girls. Most of them are used for spinning and weaving cotton, and the cotton manufacture is now the most important in England, or the whole world. In our country it employs ten hundred thousand hands, producing ten times tens of hundreds of thousands of pounds, thus being the greatest source of England's wealth. No wonder the manufacture is a source of wealth, for the men and machines connected with it are always at work-all day long, for ten, twelve, fourteen, and sometimes sixteen hours, they are picking, and picking; and cleaning, and cleaning; and scutching, scutching; willowing, willowing; carding, carding; drawing, drawing; roving, roving; spinning, spinning; warping, warping; beam L. What others? P. Oh, it would take such a long time to tell you a twentieth part of "the others." The great looms were remarkable objects in their way. There were power-looms for "light goods"; power-looms "for heavy and tweeled goods"; powerlooms "for weaving naval canvas," for strong fustians, for plaids, and for silks; and all these members of the loom family had a likeness to each other, yet they had their pecu-ing, beaming; winding, winding; liarities, and their differences. Ion. Were there any others besides? P. Yes! Oh, yes. There were winding and cleaning engines; spinning or twisting mills; doubling frames, and reeling weaving, weaving; and bleaching, and dying, and printing, and pressing, and glazing, and packing; and although the people do go to bed at night, they get up again the next morning; and, if you want to know what they will then do, they'll go on again picking, cleaning, scutching, willowing, carding, drawing, roving, spinning, warping, beaming, winding, weaving, bleaching, dying, printing, pressing, glazing, folding, packing, selling, exporting, and receiving large sums of money for their industry. Again, then! no wonder that the cotton manufacture is the greatest source of England's wealth. Well, how has all this come about? We have to thank somebody that men can do such great things-of course. You know that we have to thank Mr. James Watt for the power that moved those Exhibition machines for the great steamengine who hid himself in his own private building, and never cared to show his face at all. But we have also to thank the men who invented the machines. W. Certainly. P. Then let us have a look at these men, and learn about them, and give them their tribute of praise. To begin. RICHARD ARKWRIGHT is worthy to be talked about. The great machineroom of the Exhibition might have been very small but for Richard Arkwright. He was born in 1732, and was the son of a very poor man. If you had asked him how many brothers and sisters he had, he would have told you twelve," and that he was the youngest of thirteen children. His father had enough to do to buy bread and butter for so many mouths, so he could afford little money to pay for their going to school. Whether Richard Arkwright ever went to school at all, no one knows. It is certain that he was not taught much, not only because his father could not afford it, but because he was one day to be a barber; for which profession, perhaps, much learning would not be required. So Richard Arkwright grew up and became a barber. He shaved his fellow-men, and cut their hair, and made wigs for them, until he was nearly thirty years old. W. Ha! ha! P. Don't laugh! Why laugh at a man because he is a barber? Isn't a barber useful? In the year 1760, however, he gave up shaving, and commenced travelling as a dealer in hair. He went up and down the country, collected the hair, dressed it, and sold it to the wig-makers. And even in attending to this plain, straightforward business, he gave a sign which may account for his after greatness. It is said that the wig-makers always bought his goods readily, for they found that the hair he sold was better than that of his rivals in trade. Now, that sign is worth remembering! he tried to do little things well; and he who will give great attention to little things will afterwards become great in other things. Boys who learn their lessons, or write their copies in the best way, will do other things in the best way when they become men. Arkwright was also known amongst the barbers, because he possessed a secret method of dyeing hair. This must, no doubt, have increased his profits. In time, we find him giving attention to mechanics. Like many more ingenious men he set his wits to work, trying to discover perpetual motion. One day, in the year 1767, he was in Warrington, a town of Lancashire, and was trying to find a man who could make him some wheels. He thus became acquainted with a clock-maker named Kay. Arkwright and Kay were soon more than FAITH. BY R. S. ANDROSS. A SWALLOW in the spring Day after day she toil'd With patient heart; but ere her work was crown'd, And dash'd it to the ground. She found the ruin wrought: Yet not cast down, forth from her place she flew, But scarcely had she placed The last soft feather on its ample floor, When wicked hands, or chance, again laid waste, But still her heart she kept, And toil'd again; and last night, hearing calls, What truth is here, O man! Hath hope been smitten in its earlier dawn? CHAPTER IV. THE PARTS OF A PLANT-THE LEAVES. L. HERE is an old leaf, Willie. We are going to turn over an old leaf to-day. at the young bark of this twig. Peel it off. L. I will. It is little more than a thin skin. P. What is inside the skin? P. Then the leaf may be said to be an extension of this thin skin into a broad flat surface, being supported by wood just as the skin of the stem is. Such is the leaf. Let us next see what are its parts, and their uses. L. I will notice one part. Each leaf has a stalk joining it to the branch of the tree. P. Shall I begin by telling you how beautiful the leaves are? We need not say much about that-the thousands of W. And the next important leaves that form a light cloth-part is the broad, flat substance ing for the branches of the of the leaf-what is that called, trees, and hang down in fringy papa? festoons-they are beautiful; the light, restless, waving, fluttering leaves, that forms strainers for the sun-light to pass through, and make network shadows to dance upon the ground-they are beautiful; the broad thick leaves which make solid solemn shadows over cool places, all these are beautiful. L. And the shape of each leaf is beautiful, papa. W. And the colour. P. Yes; all these things are beautiful, although we perceive them without much trouble; but the hidden beauties which we will search for and find out are still more worthy to be admired. So let us make haste, and begin. First, What is a leaf? Look P. The name always given to the leaf-stalk is the petiole, and the expanded leaf is called the blade. Ion. Then there is a great rib running down the middle of the leaf; it seems to be a continuation of the petiole. P. It is; it is called the midrib, and the branches growing out from the mid-rib are called the veins. Ada. Has the leaf a skin? P. Yes. You may perceive this in any large leaf-in a cabbage leaf, for instance. You may tear off the skin, and you will then discover underneath a soft green flesh (or tissue), consisting of round cells packed together, with cavities between them. W. That will make seven parts-the petiole, blade, midrib, veins, skin, tissue, and cavities. P. And I must tell you that on the skin of the leaf there are thousands of small holes, just like the pores in your own skin. These little holes open into the air-cavities between the cells, which, as I have just said, you may find in the tissue. They are the leaf's breathing holesthey are not called pores, but stomata (meaning mouths). W. The stomata form the eighth part we have noticed. These stomata are much more numerous in the under than in the upper surface of the leaf; for in the upper surface the green cells are packed so closely together that there are scarcely any cavities between. Thus the stomata would be almost useless. You may now see why the upper side of a leaf is of a deeper green colour than the under side. L. Yes; because it has more green cells under the skin. P. The number of stomata on the under surface is very great. In some leaves there are nearly 100,000 to every square inch; in another, 70,000; in the vine there are 13,000; but on the upper surface of the vine-leaf they are entirely absent. The sorrel leaf has 20,000 stomata on every square inch of the under surface, and 11,000 on the upper. In the water-lily we find the case reversed; the stomata are found only on the upper side of its floating leaves. Again, in leaves that are upright, such as those of the common garden flag, there is the same number of these breathing holes on both sides. P. You have now observed eight parts in the leaf. Let us have a few words on their functions. You know, of course, that for a small shoot to become a large tree, it must have plenty of food. It feeds heartily every day (except during its long sleep in the winter), and we do not notice this fact, because we do not see the process of feeding carried on. When an animal eats it takes in solid food, and its stomach reduces it to a fluid state. L. And you said that the food must be fluid, or it could not spread through the animal's body, and become solid again. P. True. Now, plants have not any such organ as the stomach, so they must receive their food in a fluid state. Thus the roots absorb fluid from the earth; but that is not sufficient, the fluid must be prepared. This is the office of the leaves-to prepare the sap of the plant, that it may form good sound wood. Ion. Our lungs prepare our blood, and our stomach prepares food to make blood, which is to form good sound flesh; so the leaves are like the lungs and stomachs of the plant. P. And the question is, how the leaves do it. The fish has organs, which render its blood fit for preserving life. These organs expose the blood to the little air that is found in the |