contentions, and many cruel persecutions in the church, cannot truly appertain to the law of God; while they are persuaded, on the contrary, that the spirituality of that law is opposed to the continued observance of any typical religious rite; and, while, on these grounds, they consider themselves amply justified in the omission of such practices; they entertain, I trust, no disposition whatever to judge their fellow-Christians, who conscientiously make use of these ceremonies. They are, it may be hoped, too well aware of the importance of obedience to the Lord Jesus, to condemn others, who, from their very desire to obey him, are led to differ from themselves.

For my own part, I am persuaded, that there are many persons who avail themselves of the rites in question, on principles which cannot be deemed superstitious, and who even derive, through these signs and memorials, a real instruction and edification. Such instances may serve to convince us that God continues to accept the sincere heart, and that he is still pleased to bless a variety of means to a variety of conditions. Nevertheless, I cannot but deem it probable, that there are many Christians, not of our profession, who, as they draw yet nearer in spirit to an omnipresent Deity, will be permitted to find, in the disuse of all types," a more excellent way."

ADDENDUM TO CHAPTER IV.

A.D. 1834.

It has not been without pain and conflict to myself that I have pleaded, or at least apologised, for the disuse of practices, which many sincere Christians would seem to value like the apple of their eye. Yet the feelings which are thus entertained on the subject by so large a proportion of the followers of Christ may be one reason why Friends have been led to uphold a more spiritual standard; nor could we, in my opinion, forsake the high ground which we have hitherto occupied, respecting forms and ceremonies in worship, without inflicting a serious injury on the cause of truth; and therefore on the whole church of our Lord Jesus Christ.

After a lapse of more than ten years since this work was published, and after many a review of the points here discussed, I do not find that I have any thing material to alter in the foregoing chapter. It may not however be amiss, even at the risk of repetition, now to state in a concentrated manner, the views of baptism and the Lord's Supper, which continue to be satisfactory to my own mind, and on which it seems graciously permitted to repose. For this purpose I beg to offer to the attention of the reader the following propositions, which I wish to be regarded not in the light of dogmatic assertions—for these I can have no right to make-but as the plain expression of my own deliberate sentiments.

I. Under the gospel dispensation the worship of God is at once simple and spiritual; it is the communion of the soul of man with his Creator, by the direct influence of the Spirit, and through the sole mediation of our Lord Jesus Christ.

II. Consistently with this truth, all observances in worship, which are of a purely ceremonial nature, all mere types and shadows, are by a general law abolished. They are at once fulfilled and abrogated by the great realities of the Gospel of Christ.

III. The rite of water-baptism exactly answers to this description. It is in its nature wholly ceremonial; it is a mere shadow or figure, and therefore, unless some peculiar and sufficient cause be shewn to the contrary, it can have no permanent place in the system of Christianity.

IV. The history of the rite affords no evidence that it is an exception to the general rule; but rather the contrary. Washing or dipping in water, under various forms was ordained as a part of the Mosaic ritual, and was often practised as a figure of purification. In that peculiar mode, in which John the Baptist and the apostles used it, it was employed by the Jews, both before and after the Christian era, on the admission of proselytes into the church; and in all these cases, it was the obvious type of repentance and conversion. John, who lived under the law, baptized by divine authority; and Jesus himself submitted to his baptism, as part of the righteousness which then was. The apostles observed the rite, as they did a variety of other Jewish ceremonies; and having connected it in their practice with conversion to Christi

anity, they applied it even to the Gentiles. But Christ himself, as the Institutor of the Gospel dispensation, baptized not; and Paul, who to a great extent personally abstained from the use of this ceremony, declared that he had received no commission from Christ to perform it.

V. Shortly before his ascension, the Lord Jesus commanded his apostles to go and make disciples of all nations, "baptizing them into the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost." That the use made by the apostles of water-baptism is not to be ascribed to this command, is clear from the fact that they employed the rite before the command was issued. That the command is to be understood only in a spiritual sense-as indicating "the washing of water by the word"—may be inferred from the figurative use which our Lord has elsewhere made of the word baptize; from his own doctrine respecting the spirituality of true worship, and from the distinction which he so clearly drew between the water-baptism of John, and Christian baptism by the Spirit. It may also be inferred from the declaration of Paul-an undoubted partaker in the apostolic commission-that the Lord Jesus did not send him to baptize with water, but to preach the gospel.

Had a typical ceremony thus binding on the church been here instituted, the analogy of the Jewish law would lead us to expect the most precise directions, as to the persons who should perform it, and as to the manner, times, and circumstances, in which it should be performed. But no such directions are given, and Christians who admit the continued au

thority of the rite, are left in reference to these particulars, in a state of irremediable doubt and dispute.

VI. In the meantime Christianity has a baptism of its own, of which our Lord and his apostles made frequent mention, without attaching to it the condition or accompaniment of any outward ceremony. It is that of Christ himself, "with the Holy Ghost and with fire;" and is productive of a new birth, by the Spirit. It is the baptism which "now saveth us," and which brings the "answer of a good conscience towards God, by the resurrection of Jesus Christ;" it is "the washing of regeneration and renewing of the Holy Ghost." This baptism properly agrees with the nature and character of Christianity, and coincides with that worship of God, which is "in spirit and in truth." Without it, the sinner cannot be converted, or joined in fellowship with the church; without it, the soul of the believer can never be prepared for an entrance into heaven.

VII. Whatsoever opinion therefore they may entertain respecting the ceremonial rite, this is the baptism on which Christians of every denomination ought chiefly to insist, and in so doing, they will not fail to experience "the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace."

I. When the Lord Jesus celebrated his last Passover-supper with his disciples, "he took bread, and when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said, take, eat; this is my body which is broken for you; this do in remembrance of me. After the same manner