so much to create and sustain, in this and greatest anatomists; but surely, if truth is other countries, an elevated taste for anatom-to be attained, a man must not be scared from ical research as Professor Owen." But, the enunciation of his well-digested views by while thus active in the more legitimate the splendor of the names of those who have duties of his profession, he has still found thought otherwise; and all who know Mr. time to be of service to the world in other Owen will say, that, if there is one virtue he ways. He was one of the founders of the possesses in a greater degree than another, it Microscopical Society, which was established is undoubtedly that of modesty. There was in 1840, by the exertions of a few scientific also great fault found with him for devoting men, for the purpose of furthering that im- himself so completely to the departments of portant branch of science, microscopical comparative anatomy and fossil osteology, and research. He was the first who occupied the neglecting the more practical study of medipresidential chair of this society; and, at its cine; but the advantages of the course he first meeting, communicated a paper on the adopted have since become so fully apparent, structure of fossil teeth. He was likewise and his brilliant discoveries have proved so one of the commissioners appointed by her important in their bearings, that no one majesty in 1843 for inquiring into the state would now venture to blame him. Not only of large towns and populous districts, with a in England, but also throughout Europe and view to active measures being taken to im- America, are his labors held in the highest prove the health of towns. He was a zealous respect. Dr. Harlan, of New Orleans, who member of the commission appointed in 1849 differed from him in opinion on certain points, to make inquiries relating to Smithfield Mar- thus speaks of him: "The observations and ket, and to the state and management of all opinions of Dr. Owen on fossil osteology are the London markets for the sale of meat; and entitled to the highest respect; placed at the cordially joined in the recommendation for the head of the richest osteological collection in removal of Smithfield. He was the only med-the world, and endowed with a genius which ical man on this commission, and personally took great interest in the inquiry; and he himself gave important evidence as a witness on the subject before a select committee of the House of Commons. He also manifested a deep interest in the objects of the Great Exhibition, and heartily labored in its cause. He was one of the associate jurors in the class for miscellaneous manufactures, and was chairman of the jury on vegetable and animal substances used in manufactures; and has since delivered one of the lectures on the results of the Exhibition, at the house of the Society of Arts. peculiarly qualifies him for the successful prosecution of his favorite department of science, he has, perhaps, accomplished more for its advancement than any other single living laborer in this attractive field of research." It is also extremely gratifying to learn the opinion of the great Danish philosopher, Oersted - -a man who so long, and with such distinguished success, labored in the cause of science; who had himself gained a reputation throughout Europe; and who, in life and death, was distinguished by all the honors a grateful country could bestow. He has spoken of Owen as one of the greatest anatomists the world has produced, and as one on whose services it is impossible to set too high a value. In thus enumerating the works of Professor Owen, we have only been able to name the points upon which his unwearied industry and singular address have contributed to Almost all the learned and scientific societhrow light. Those who would wish to follow ties at home feel it an honor to number him out his arguments more completely are re-amongst their fellows or associates; and ferred to his works, and, more particularly, to many of the noblest institutions abroad have the Hunterian Lectures, and the discourse on admitted him amongst their honorary memthe Nature of Limbs, which may be read bers. In 1849, he was elected a correspondwith great interest and profit by any one pos-ing member of the Royal Academy of Scisessing an ordinary acquaintance with ana-ences at Madrid; and, on the death of tomical and physiological terms. Although Mr. Owen has now gained such a position that men of all ranks delight to do him honor, this was not always the case. He has in his time had to endure the sneers of envy and professional prejudice. In the delivery of his early lectures he was taunted upon their extreme simplicity. It was declared to be a waste of time to listen to his simple demonstrations, from which even the veriest tyro could learn nothing. He was accused of a want of modesty in delivering opinions which ran counter to those of the Oersted, the King of Prussia marked his sense of Mr. Owen's important services by making him a Chevalier of the Order of Merit, in the room of the Danish philosopher. Not long since, too, her majesty the queen conferred upon him a distinguished mark of her favor, by giving up to his use one of the royal residences at Kew, which had become vacant by the death of the King of Hanover. And well may they thus honor him; for there is no Englishman in the present day, and, perhaps, no foreigner, who has contributed so much that is new to the science of the whole longitudinal extent of the fragment;" and further remarks, "there is no bone of a similar size which presents a cancellous structure so closely resembling that of the present bone as does the femur of the ostrich; but this structure is interrupted in the ostrich at the middle of the shaft, where the parietes of the medullary, or rather aircavity, are smooth and unbroken. From this difference, I conclude the Struthious bird indicated by the present fragment to have been a heavier and more sluggish species than the ostrich; its femur, and probably its whole comparative anatomy. Setting aside the important truths he has developed, there is a wonderful originality of thought, a deep philosophy, which runs through every page of his writings, and is manifest in all his lectures. There is, too, a remarkable thoroughness in all he does; and this is apparent, whether we regard him as an investigator, as a lecturer, or as a writer. If he examines a bone, it is not merely to determine its ordinary characteristics, but it is to trace those characteristics to their most remote consequences, and to fathom everything that they can possibly influence. Whatever be his sub-leg, was shorter and thicker." ject, he will leave no point untouched that Three years after this, a letter was sent to can in any way contribute to the success of Dr. Buckland, from one of the church miswhat he attempts. He will go to the root of sionaries in New Zealand, giving a full acthe matter, clear away all the objections that count of a number of bones, and accompanied can be raised, and so thoroughly complete by specimens. These also were placed in the every step in the argument, that it is sure to hands of Professor Owen, and proved to be carry conviction with it. Another charac- the remains of birds of the very same kind as teristic of the man, which even the most su- that he had described from the single fragperficial observer cannot fail to notice, is the ment he had received three years before; and wonderful sagacity which he brings to bear from these, with two or three specimens upon all the subjects he investigates -a which he had received from Dr. Richardson, sagacity which leads him to make discoveries he was enabled to confirm completely his that must appear most startling, and scarcely former opinion, and to give a description of credible, to those who are not deeply versed five distinct species of Dinornis, the smallest in comparative anatomy; for it is difficult of which would be about the size of the for the uninitiated to understand the force of great bustard, and the largest far surpassing those minute points upon which he lays so the ostrich in stature. The bird had not been much stress, or to follow the chain of his in existence within the memory of any of the reasoning. But, as it is with the marvellous inhabitants; but the forty-seven bones that deductions of astronomy, so it is with those were brought over were dug from the superof comparative anatomy, that the unscientific ficial mud forming the banks and beds of can only judge of the truth of the reasonings by the accomplishment of those remarkable predictions that are founded upon them. We shall conclude this sketch with a specimen of this sagacity, which is most remarkable in its character, and which established his reputation at home and abroad. rivers. From the small chemical change that had taken place in these bones, the birds must have been in existence at no very remote period. Professor Owen agrees with Cuvier, that a single bone, or even the facet of a bone, would often enable the comparative anatomist Some years back there was dug up from to reconstruct the whole animal, though it the soil in New Zealand a fragment of bone, might be hitherto completely unknown; and scarcely six inches in length, which proved the Dinornis has afforded him a triumphant to be the shaft of a femur or thigh-bone, example of the truth of his principle. By with both extremities broken off. Having naming it a Struthious bird, he in effect de-been brought to England, it was given into clared it to be wingless. But," says the the hands of Professor Owen. It did not professor, "it has appeared strange, and present the character of a true fossil, though almost incredible, to some, that the cancellous it appeared to have been in the ground a texture of the shaft of a thigh-bone should long time. The professor subjected it to a give, to speak mathematically, the presence rigorous examination; and, after careful con- or absence of wings. But, if the negative sideration, pronounced it to belong to a had been premature or unfounded, a guess Struthious bird, which he named Dinornis, rather than a demonstration, its fallacy might and described as a heavier and more sluggish have been exposed by the very next bone of a species than the ostrich. This was published Dinornis transmitted from New Zealand. A in 1839 in the transactions of the Zoological bird of flight has as many wings as legs; it Society; and, on the evidence derived from has two humeri as well as two femora, two this fragment alone, he there declared his radii as well as two tibiæ, two ulnæ as well willingness to risk his scientific reputation as two fibula; the humerus and radius are upon the statement he had made. In exam- generally, and the ulna is always, longer and ining the fragment, he says, he found "a larger than their analogues in the hind excoarse cancellated structure continued through tremities; then, also, there are the two dis tinet carpal bones, a metacarpus, and charac- as wings in the Dinornis. But what is the Such was the wonderful fulfilment of a prediction, founded entirely on pure reasoning upon a mere fragment of bone; and any one who visits the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London may see for himself this singular fragment, and also gaze on the skeleton of the gigantic bird, which has been set up from those bones that proved the truth of the professor's remarkable discovery; a discovery which has been justly characterized by Professor Hitchcock as "the most sagacious and beautiful example of reasoning in comparative anatomy that has ever fallen under his notice, and one that impresses us deeply with the marvellous and yet mathematically accurate character of that curious science. BLUE darkness, as of deep midsummer nights, What naked man is this, that, fearfully, Boil upward like a storm of sparkling dust Of what those haunted boundaries may enclose, O, floating Love! white star within the dark! I turn the Vase, and see two watching shapes, Of rugged stones, beneath a large-leaved tree, Falters and faints upon the verge of dusk. O, empty eyes, from which the soul has gone From Household Words. DOLLS. DOLLS are trifles. True; but are they such trifles as to be quite unworthy the notice of all except miniature-women of doll-loving juvenility? There are the aesthetics of dollmaking, and there is the mechanical skill to which taste gives rise; and there are national and individual idiosyncrasies which they serve to bring into play; and there are curious branches of commerce to which this dollnursing tendency contributes. Mr. M'Culloch, speaking of dolls and other children's toys, says, "How frivolous soever these articles may appear in the estimation of superficial observers, their manufacture employs hundreds of hands, and gives bread to many families. The greatness of the demand for them may be inferred from the circumstance that a manufacturer of glass beads and articles of that description has received a single order for five hundred pounds' worth of dolls' eyes!" It has been since stated that the amount was not so large as the sum here named, but the proposition generally is indisputable, and we must be cautious how we treat trifles too triflingly. Aristocracy and democracy find their way into the doll world. There are dolls for the little lady, and dolls for the little peasant the former made of some material requiring taste and tact in its production, the latter made of unmistakable wood. The makers of delicate dolls are a different set of persons from those to whom wooden dolls owe their career in the world. Alas for the anatomy of the wooden doll! Her body has very little symmetry, and her legs and arms are little better than bits of lath. The maker (generally a poor fellow who can hardly keep life and soul together by his exertions for his feminine friends) will show you piles of bodies, arms, and legs, all cut out by himself or the members of his family. Competition has affected dolls as it has affected things of more moment. Once upon a time wooden dolls had noses which, if neither strictly Grecian nor Roman, were at any rate passable noses, apparently fitted for all the purposes to which a well-behaved doll's nose might be supposed to be destined; but now the maker has not time to produce a good nose; he cannot afford it; he gives it very little more projection from the face than a baby's nose-which is well known to be not only as broad as it is long, but generally broader. Unmindful of the graces of the female form, the maker scruples not to turn the body of his doll in a lathe, thus confounding all distinction of front and back, right and left. For the lower-priced dolls there is only a sort of joint by which the legs can be attached to the trunk-legs which are innocent of calves, insteps, and ankles; but the better varieties, besides a little shapable trimming about the bust, have symmetrical calves given to their legs. A very poor doll—a doll which has to work its way in humble life-has wooden arms as well as wooden legs; but if the doll occupies a higher grade in the social scale, the probability is that she has leather arms, stuffed with sawdust. The doll-maker must be an artist as well as a woodcutter, for he has to paint eyes, and eyebrows, and lips, and hair-unless indeed the price will enable him to use real hair; in this case he buys the leather arms from one sub-manufacturer, and real hair wigs or ringlets from another. What is the very lowest price at which the very humblest doll can be bought at a toy-shop, most little girls could say better than we can; but hundreds of grosses are sold by the makers to the shopkeepers at a farthing apiece, and we appeal to the judgment of a British public whether much calf or many ringlets are to be expected at such a price. Some of our manufacturers can boast of having produced half a million little dolls in a year. The French can sell dressed dolls, including bonnet, so low as eightpence per dozen, and undressed composition dolls at twopence-halfpenny per dozen! But the more ladylike dolls have a wider and larger manufacturing importance; they are the product of many minds and many hands. Like a watch, they have to derive one component part from one artist, one from a second, one from a third; while the master-hand puts together all the little bits which others have made for him. Jane Tibbs' wooden doll has just passed under our notice; let us now see what Miss Emily Augusta de Swellermode's doll is made of. There is no stern, relentless wooden body to this doll. It is made of yielding and manageable calico, stuffed with saw-dust, hair, or wool, according to its quality. The maker gives out the cut calico and the stuffing; and women and girls are paid so much per dozen or per gross for sewing the former and putting in the latter. As the doll mounts in price, so does the symmetry of its figure increase; a more elaborate display of mathematical skill being visible in the cutting of the calico, and greater liberality in giving plumpness by the stuffing. The body-stuffers are not arm or leg-stuffers; and thus while the former are at work, the latter are also doing their duty in the general cause. The arms and legs are frequently or perhaps usually made of sheep's leather, stuffed with saw-dust if not with better material. Little girls would look sad to learn what a small fractional part of a penny a woman receives for stuffing a pair of arms. The head is not made of wood, or of stuffed calico, or of stuffed leather; it is being made by another person while the body and limbs are rising into existence. The head | fine sand and wood ashes, in which they are may perchance be made of paper or pasteboard stirred about with an iron spatula, until the or papier mâché; a very general material for cylindrical bits assume a smooth spherical middle-class dolls, although Miss Emily may form. When removed from the fire, and hear it called a 66 composition" head." The cleared out in the bore, they constitute beads. maker has by him a wax model for each kind If dolls' eyes be cheap and common-say and form of head; from this model he makes at about sixpence per dozen pairs they are a mould, and in this mould he fashions im-made of white enamel (glass with a white pressions made of a kind of sugar-paper; a opaque substance mixed in it), and then have gray, grimy, unfeminine sort of face is thus each a little spot either of blue or of black produced; but when it has been delicately imparted to them, to convert them into blue tinted in flesh-color, and dipped into a bath or black eyes; but if the doll be a great lady, of semi-transparent wax, its beauty becomes and if the eyes rise to the extravagant price developed, and we have before us the head of of threepence or fourpence per pair, they are a" composition" doll. If it be a real bonû still made of white enamel, but the painting fide wax-doll, however, there is no such com- is much more artistic; each eye has an iris mon material about it as papier mâché; but as well as a pupil and a cornea; and the into the mould is poured molten wax instead brilliant black or languishing blue bears a of pulpy paper, and a waxen head and throat resemblance to nature of which the dolls'-eyeresult. If, as is now often the case, a gutta-maker is not a little proud. percha lady be the object in view, the mould There is much interchange between differis made to yield a cast in this material, ent countries in respect to dolls, and even the which cast is a little humanized and beautified by subsequent external adornment. elements of dolls. The very cheap French dolls, adverted to in a former paragraph, are While the head itself is being made by this sent to other countries in immense numbers. artist, the doll's perruquier is not idle; he is At Hamburg dolls' heads are made by at work on the beautiful ringlets, and perhaps thousands of dozens, in wax and in papier eye-brows and eye-lashes; he employs real mâché, and are exported to the doll-makers human hair, and is not unworthy of the rank of other lands. Large numbers of English of a wig-maker. While all this is doing, the dolls have home-made bodies but foreigndoll's milliner and dressmaker is earnestly made heads; and the better kinds of wooden preparing the attire for the young lady; un- dolls are also largely imported from countries less indeed the doll be sold in that state of where cheap wood for carving can be more semi-impropriety which is the wont of some readily obtained than in England. Modern dolls. Many dolls have knitted cotton dresses, times have produced a kind of rag-doll, on in part or all over the figure, even to the bon- which much care is bestowed so much, innet, and it is whispered (but of course only deed, that such dolls command a price varywhispered) that these knitted dresses are ing from five to thirty shillings. Let us not especially approved for their power of assum-talk of triviality after this; to create such ing a certain bustle-like rotundity at the value out of bits of rag is a great commercial proper part of the figure. achievement, even though the article produced be nothing more than a doll. We had nearly forgotten the dolls' eyesthose glassy brilliants without which Miss Unquestionably there is a fashion in dolls Emily's doll would be scarcely better than and dolls' dresses, as in the attire of breathJane Tibbs'. They are made by the same ing mortals - the Marionettes, both living persons as those who manufacture artificial and dead, pay visits to Vanity Fair. A year eyes for human creatures. The commonest or two ago, Bloomer dolls were objects of inkind are merely glass beads, or little hollow tense admiration, and, be it remarked, obspheres, differing according to the care after-jects of some importance to the makers; for wards bestowed on the painting of them. In whenever a new fashion, or taste, or mania respect to glass beads, properly so called, few springs up, it is sure to be commercially adpersons perhaps could be prepared to believe vantageous to those who are in a position to that we import ten thousand pounds' worth annually, besides those made at home. There is (or was) a famous glass-bead factory at Murano, near Venice, where they are made in the following way. Tubes of glass, of various colors, are drawn out to great length, in a gallery adjoining the glass-house; in the same way as barometer and thermometer tubes are made in England. The tubes are cut into very small pieces, of uniform length, on the edge of a fixed chisel; and these small pieces are put in a heap into a mixture of watch the market. Since the Bloomer excitement lessened, Uncle Tom has done something for the doll-shops; for, although neither Tom, nor Legree, nor Haley, nor the Quaker, would look very nice in the doll form, yet there are Tom's two little boys, and Eva, and Eliza's child, and Topsy-they are all to be met with among the costlier varieties in the dollmaker's store at the present time. There are national fashions, too, in dolls. The dolls'eye-makers say that, since we have had a blue-eyed queen, blue-eyed dolls have had a |