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6. angulosus. Brocchi, p. 411. t. 7. f. 16. Donovan, Brit. Sh. t. 169. f. 2.M. emarginatus.-Dillwyn's Conch. p. 742.

9. linearis.

8. purpureus. Montagu, Test. Br. p. 260. t. 9. f. 3.-Dillwyn's Conch. p. 745. Montagu, Test. Br. p. 261. t. 9. f. 4.-Dillwyn's Conch. p. 745. 10. muricatus. Montagu, Test. Br. p. 262. t. 9. f. 2.-Dillwyn's Conch. p. 746. 11. craticulatus. Brocchi, p. 663. t. 14. f. 3.— Dillwyn's Conch. p. 740.

12. triangularis. Shell tapering, with nine whorls, Pl. IX. f. 18. well defined, transversely striated; and the whorls crossed by strong varices, from the body to the apex; three rows of them are considerably higher than the others, which gives the shell a triangular form.

13. adversus.

Adam's Microscope, p. 638. t. 14. f. 21.-Dillwyn's Conch. p. 759. 14. granulatus. Rumphius, t. 30. f. L.-Dillwyn's Conch. p. 756.

15. reticulatus.

Gualtieri, t. 58. f. G.—Dillwyn's
Conch. p. 758.

16. trunculus, Gualtieri, t. 31. C.-Dillwyn's

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18. dentatus. Pl. X. f. 1.

TROCHUS. 1. Pharonius.

2. corallinus.

3. Guineensis.

4. Modulus.

5. tumidus.

6. fasciatus.

7. solaris.

base to the tip of the spire; columella with three plaits; beak short and slightly bent. Shell turrited, strong, with six whorls deeply divided by the suture, with seven strongly warted longitudinal ribs; finely striated transversely; aperture oblong, beak short; inner lip slightly reflected, with four knobs; outer lip with a row of strong teeth within.

Lister, t. 638. f. 26.—Dillwyn's Conch. p. 772.

Adanson's Senegal, p. 183. t. 12. f. 4.-Dillwyn, p. 773. Schroeter Einl. I. p. 712.-Dill

wyn, p. 773.

Lister, t. 653. f. 52.—Dillwyn, p. 775.

Montagu, p. 280. t. 10. f. 4.p. 777. Tro. Patholatus, Schroeter, I. p. 747.—Dillwyn, p. 783.

Lister, t. 622. f. 9.-Dillwyn, p. 786.

8. crenulatus. Brocchi, p. 354. t. 4. f. 2. 9. miliaris. Brocchi, p. 153. t. 4. f. 1. Schroeter, I. p. 693.-Dillwyn, p. 794.

10. tessalatus.

11. cinereus.

12. torosus. Pl. X. f. 6.

TURBO. 1. acutus.

17. triplicatus.

2. violacea.

Pl. IX. f. 19.

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whorls, the

upper volution

Dillwyn, p. 782.-Donovan, Br. Sh. v. t. 155. f. 3. Shell conical, umbilicated, with five abrupt volutions; body large, in proportion to the other whorls; a deep grove runs spirally from the outer lip to the apex, in the centre of the volutions; above which is a regular row of large tubercles; the whole shell is spirally striated; and above the tubercles there are regular spots of a yellowish brown. Diam. ths, length the same.

Risso in Jour. des Mines, No.200. Aout 1813. p. 6. Rissoa acuta. Risso in Journal des Mines, p. 6. Rissoa violacea.

Risso in Journal des Mines, p. 7. Rissoa plicata.

4. costatus.

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Pl. X. f. 4.

viii. p. 180.-Montagu, p.362. t. 11. f. 6.

Shell turrited, with five volutions;

very much inflated; separa

12. truncatus.

ted by a deep suture, with 13. pullus. strong longitudinal ribs; and very fine regular transverse striæ; apex very sharp.

Shell pointed, with strong longi

tudinal ribs and transverse striæ; inside ribbed; body

13. cimex.

ovate, pillar-lip smooth; outer lip thin and crenated. Length 4th, breadth not quite an eighth of an inch. Maton and Racket in Linn. Tr. p. 177.-Montagu, Test. Br. p. 200. t. 10. f. 7. Dillwyn, Br. Sh. p. 822.-Donovan, Br. Sh. I. t. 2. f. 2. to

6. Dillwyn, p. 821.-Da Costa's Br. Conch. p. 104. t. 8. f. 6. & 9. Turbo cancellatus, Dorset. Cat. p. 59. t. 14. f. 6. & 9.

whorl, about equal to the 14. phasianella. Risso in Journal des Mines,

length of the spire. Length 1 eighth of an inch. 8. discrepans. Shell pointed, strong, with five longitudinal and transverse striæ; inside ribbed; outer lip thickened; body longer than the spire. Length 1 eighth of an inch.

9. glaber.

Pl. X. f. 2.

Shell subulate, with ten glossy

No. 200. Aout, p. 6. Phasia-
nella rubra.

15. geniculus.
16. elegantissimus. Vid. p. 458.
17. striatus.
18. Ulvæ.

Brocchi, p. 659. t. 16. f. 1.

Brocchi, p. 383. t. 6. f. 7. Dillwyn's Conch. p. 840. Pennant, Br. Zool. iv. p. 132. t. 86. f. 120. Dorset Catal. p. 49. t. 18. f. 12.

well defined whorls, white, 19. interruptus. Dillwyn's Conch. p. 841.-Mon

aperture sub-rotund.

10. minutus. Shell conic, body large and tur

Pl. X. f. 13.

11. breve.

Pl. X. f. 10.

gid; spire short, with four 20. parvus. moderately rounded volutions; apex rather obtuse; the whole shell is covered with fine spiral striæ, and clouded with pale honey-yellow; aperture nearly round; pillar-lip slightly reflected, and forms a subumbilicus; outer lip thin. Length about th of an inch, breadth about half its length.

This shell might be mistaken
for the Turbo graphicus, Wer-
nerian Memoirs, vol. ii. p. 521.
pl. 24. f. 6.; but it differs
from it in being broader in
proportion to its length, in
the spire having only four
volutions, and in the aperture
being rounder.
Shell longitudinally ribbed;

strongly striated transversely
between the ribs; body large
and spire short, with five well
defined volutions, aperture

21. cancellata.
22. pusillus.
23. conoides.
24. verrucosus.

Pl. X. f. 12.

25. gracilis. 26. striatulus.

tagu, Test. Br. p. 329. t. 20. f. 3.

Dillwyn's Conch. p. 857.-Adams in Linn. Trans. iii. 66. t. 13. f. 29. & 30. Turbo æreus, Donovan, Br. Sh. t. 90. T. lacteus. Brocchi, p. 377. t. 7. f. 8. Brocchi, p. 381. t. 6. f. 5. Brocchi, p. 660. t. 16. f. 2. Shell with a ventricose body; spire with four very distinct volutions; the whole shell is covered with elevated knobs in regular rows; the interstices deeply punctured; aperture ovate; outer lip strong; pillar-lip slightly reflected towards the base; inside very glossy. Length about, breadth somewhat less. Brocchi, p. 382. t. 6. f. 6. Dillwyn's Conch. p. 857.—Montagu's Test. Br. p. 306. t. 10. f. 5.

There is also a variety of this shell with strong, elevated, longitudinal varices.

27. rugosus.

27. rugosus.

28. tigerina. Pl. X. f.11.

29. acinus.

HELIX. 1. vitrea.

2. polita.

Dillwyn's Conch. p. 829.-Lister's Conch. t. 647. f. 41. Gualtieri, t. 65. f. F. & H. Shell with strong longitudinal and transverse striæ; the longitudinal striæ terminate where the outer lip joins the body, and give it the appearance of fine papillae: the body is large and ventricose; spire with five short whorls abruptly tapering to a sharpened point; aperture ovate; outer lip thin and strongly crenated; pillar-lipsmooth near the base, and slightly reflected, forming a sub-umbilicus. Length, an eighth and a half, breath th of an inch. Brocchi, p. 381. t. 6. f. 4.

Dillwyn's Con. p.919.-Chemnitz
p. 383. t. 15. f. 15. & 16.
Dillwyn, p.881. Tur. polita, Linn.
Trans. viii. p. 210. Donovan,
Br. Sh. t. 177.

3. haliotoidea. Dillwyn, p. 973.-Lister's Conch. t. 570. f. 21.-Montagu, Test. Br. p. 211. t. 7. f. 6. and Vig.2. f. 6. Bulla haliotoidea.

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PATELLA. 1. Virginea.

2. Græca.

Dillwyn's Conch. p. 1052.-Linn. Trans. IV. p. 235.-Donovan, Br. Sh. I. t. 21. f. 2. Linnæus, Syst. Nat. p. 1262.Dillwyn's Conch. p. 1056.-Donovan, Br. Sh. I. t. 21. f.3. Pat. reticulata. 3. pellucida. Linnæus, Syst. Nat. p. 1260.Dillwyn's Conch. p. 1042.-Donovan, Br. Sh. I. t. 31. f. 1. Linnæus, Syst. Nat. p. 1258.Dillwyn's Conch. p. 1032.-Donovan, Br. Sh. I. t. 14. Linnæus, Syst. Nat. p. 1261.Dillwyn's Conch. p. 1054.-Donovan, Br. Sh. I. t. 3. f. 2. 6. saccharina. Linnæus, Syst. Nat. p. 1258.Dillwyn's Conch. p. 1023.

4. vulgata.

5. fissura.

7. equestris. Dillwyn's Conch. p. 1015.-Lister's Conch. t. 546. f. 38.

SERPULA.

1. Triquetra. Linnæus, Syst. Nat. p. 1265.Dillwyn's Conch. p. 1073.Martini Conch. III. t. 24. f. A.-Pulteney in Huch. Dorset, p. 53. t. 22. f. 5.

2. vermicularis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1267.

Dillwyn's Conch. p. 1083.

Donovan's Br. Sh. iii. t. 95.

3. anguinia. Linnæus, Syst. Nat. p. 1266.Martini, I. t. 2. f. 13. B, C.— Dillwyn's Conch. p. 1080.

4. arenaria. Linnæus, Syst. Nat. p. 1266.Martini, I. t. 3. f. 19. A.-Dillwyn's Conch, p. 1078.

5. lumbricalis. Linnæus, Syst. Nat. p. 1266,

Martini, I. t. 1. f. 12. B.-
Dillwyn's Conch. p. 1077.

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XXI. On certain Impressions of Cold transmitted from the Higher Atmosphere, with the Description of an Instrument adapted to measure them. By JOHN LESLIE, F. R. S. E. and Professor of Mathematics in the University of Edinburgh.

THE

Read March 16. 1818.)

HE distribution of Heat over the surface of our Globe, is a capital object in the economy of Nature. The infusion of that active element communicates to bodies the principle of motion, and quickens the ceaseless revolution of the circle of generation and decay. But Heat, unlike air, water, or earth, appears never in a distinct and separate form: It exists only in a state of combination with other tangible substances; among which, it migrates from one to another. On the regulated tide of this transmission, depends the stability of the present order of things. A very small portion of the vast scale of heat is requisite and salutary for vegetable or animal life. A genial warmth fosters the powers of vegetation,-but pushed farther, it soon dries up the juices, and shrivels the leaves and tender shoots; on the other side, again, when reduced to a low temperature, it benumbs the energy of production, and finally stifles the expansion of life.

If the transfer of heat among bodies were much slower, therefore, than what actually obtains, its inequalities would accumulate, and the greater part of this fair globe would beVOL. VIII. P. II.

3 N

come

come a desert. The tropical countries would be burnt up by unmitigated fervour; while eternal frost, usurping the polar regions, would extend its dominion within the temperate zone. The little portion of the surface left to animation, would be blasted by the excessive inequalities of the seasons, and of the diurnal vicissitudes. The sultriest days would have invariably closed in nights of pinching cold, and this mild climate would have exhibited all the rigours of a Canadian winter, succeeded by the fervid heat of an oppressive summer.

The opposite condition leads to results still more appalling. If heat encountered no impediment in its internal motions, but diffused itself with almost instantaneous effect, it might amuse the fancy to contemplate for a moment the vast and tremendous consequences. An uniform and unvarying temperature would then pervade the globe; no distinction of climate would exist, no vicissitude of seasons, and no grateful alternation of day and night. The azure vault of heaven, pertually serene and cloudless, would lose all its animated charms. If snow and hail would be unknown, so would likewise the refreshing influence of rain and dews. The face of the earth would present a monotonous picture of sterility; no verdure to relieve the eye, -no vegetation, and no sustenance for animals. All the springs of life would be locked up. The beneficial effects, the very existence, of artificial heat, would for ever have been concealed; since the instant this was generated, it would spread and ingulf itself in the general mass.

It is, therefore, an important study, to discriminate the circumstances which modify and regulate the distribution of heat among bodies. Towards a correct knowledge of the subject, very considerable advances have been made, though some vague and crude notions are still suffered to prevail. To comprehend rightly the observations and reasonings contained

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