his command to advance simultaneously, and concentrate upon the Turkish centre and the janissaries at Moggerdorf. He said and saw this should be done at once, and speedily, if at all, and he harangued officers and generals to conquer or die in doing it. They comprehended and obeyed him, charging with such concert and such vigour, that the janissaries could not stand. The Turkish centre was broken, driven into the river, and destroyed: 17,000 Turks, and of the very best of their troops, perished. They lost all their artillery and standards. Nor did the Ottomans ever fully recover the consequences of their defeat at Raab.

But although it were possible to muster these different German and French contingents to fight a successful and defensive battle, the same disjointed army could not be ordered in pursuit, for want of provisions, commissariat, or any of the necessaries of a regular army in the pay of a powerful prince. The advantages of the victory of Raab were therefore more in intimidating the enemy, than the conquering force; and the Emperor was glad to make peace on the identical terms of the last treaty, leaving the Turks, as before, virtual masters of Hungary.

The Turks have the advantage and the disadvantage, common to barbarian people, of not knowing when they are conquered, although, immediately after a defeat, a routed army and a beaten general may be willing to consent to terms of peace. A very few years in Turkey brought new pashas, new courtiers, new viziers, who attributed such reverses to the want of fortune and skill in their predecessors, and who were anxious to set once more about campaigning, first of all, because war was the only road to eminence in the Turkish system of empire, and because the state was organized for no other end. When the family of Kipriuli died out, in which their tradition of political wisdom was preserved, and when Kara Moustapha became Grand Vizier, in 1676, the Turkish armies were again mustered on the Danube.

Austria, however, was not at first the object of attack. The Turkish power, checked on the frontier of Austria, had spread itself eastward of the Carpathians, into the kingdom of Poland, and to the borders of Russia, where it claimed and held a great part of the Ukraine. It was enabled to wield this power, by the suzerainté which the Sultan exercised over the Khan of the Tartars, whose immense hordes of cavalry he could command each season. The Russians now began to resist the encroachments of the Mahomedans; and the Turks, who held the new and distant Czar in scorn, marched to capture Ceyrin, a frontier fortress of the Russians. Repulsed from thence, the Grand Vizier vowed that he would march upon Moscow. He returned in much choler to Ceyrin, and took it by assault, although the triumph was dearly bought by the loss of two-thirds of his army. A peace followed, in 1681, between Russia and the Porte, by which the Czar was allowed to retain Kiow, and it was equally prohibited to the Turks as to the Russians to raise any fortified places between the Bug and the Dneister. This sufficiently marked the limit between the empires.

His success against the Russians, and the capture of her most important frontier fortress, followed by peace, encouraged Kara Moustapha to declare war against Austria. He accordingly marched into Hungary in 1783, and, as usual in the first year of a war, the Turks found no army to oppose them. Montecuculi had no longer an army to defend the passage of the Raab, which the Grand Vizier traversed; and finding very few impediments in his way, he determined to lay siege to Vienna. On the frontier he came up with a portion of the Imperial army and routed it. On the 14th of July the Turkish army, 200,000 strong, pitched their tents in the plain before Vienna, having burnt every village around, and committed every licence on the unfortunate inhabitants. Nor were these confined to Vienna. In the midst of sacked villages and surrendered towns, three abbeys rendered themselves famous by their resistance, those of Mælk, Lilienfeld, and Kloster-Neuberg. The latter was most gallantly defended by its sacristan, who beat off 13,000 Turks and saved his convent, which still rises within sight of Vienna.

The immense army of the Turks, well served with artillery and engineers, soon erected batteries to destroy the bastions of the Lion and the Castle; and at the same time the Turks made themselves masters of the Leopoldstadt, on the other side of the small arm of the Danube that waters Vienna. So close became the blockade, that not more than five persons were able during the siege to penetrate into Vienna, and communicate news from without. One of these was a Pole, named Kolschistzky. He asked and obtained as recompense, the privilege of opening a shop to sell coffee, the first that was established in Vienna, though it was common with the Turks long before.

The Turks did not make a practical breach till the siege had lasted forty-six days. They had worked by mines, but did not succeed till that time had elapsed in throwing down any portion of the bastions. No sooner was this effected, than the Turks marched to the assault. Though the besieged were reduced to 5000 men, they repulsed it, as well as an assault and contest which lasted twenty-four hours, and during which the Turks more than once planted their standard in the breach.

At last, on the 9th of September, the allied forces of the Christians began to make their appearance on the hills west of Vienna. They took seven weeks after the arrival of the Turks before Vienna to come up to its succour. The Count of Stahrenberg, who commanded in Vienna, was able to warn them that they had no time to lose. And Sobieski, King of Poland, who commanded the succouring army, was determined to lose no time. On the morning of the 12th of September, the King having heard mass on the Leopoldsberg, gave orders for a general advance against the Turks. Sobieski with his Poles fought on the right wing near Dornbach; the left wing advanced along the Danube, and was led by the Duke of Lorraine; the Bavarians and Germans were in the centre. The Turks first directed their resistance towards the division which marched along the Danube, and

against which, as well as against the centre, the Grand Vizier directed his efforts. But whilst he did so Sobieski advanced from Dornbach, and drove in the Ottomans opposed to him, took their camp, and in a very short space of time converted the battle into a rout. It was not with the cordial assent or support of either his generals or his army, that Kara Moustapha had undertaken so difficult a task as the siege of Vienna. Then the siege had lasted too long for Turkish constancy; the maxim of the Turks being, that a siege should never pass forty days. The Mussulmans accordingly did not behave at Vienna with their usual fortitude and valour, and the battle begun by Sobieski a little after sun-rise, was over in an hour or two. 300 cannon were captured, 5000 tents, 600 standards, all the wealth and rich accoutrements of the Grand Vizier and his staff.

Sobieski gave an enumeration of the spoils in a letter to his wife. His share of the booty was, "five quivers adorned with rubies, sapphires, and pearls, and a belt set with diamonds." There were many of these belts, and he knew not what use the Turks made of them. The harem had likewise been plundered. The Grand Vizier had taken a fine ostrich in some imperial chateau, and he cut off its head, rather than let it fall again into the hands of its original master. Such refined luxuries in the tents of the Grand Vizier-baths, garden, fountains, rabbit-warrens, and even, says Sobieski, a parrot !

The King of Poland and his army followed up their victory by the conquest of Gran, which they only took after a hard-fought battle before it. The Christian army kept together for the campaign of the following year. They concentrated their efforts against Ofen, which they besieged with the same earnestness that Kara Mustapha had given to the capture of Vienna. The result was the same. The Turks made too stubborn a defence for the Christians to overcome them, and Ofen remained in their power. It was in this campaign that Hamza Beg, a Turkish chief in Hungary, having captured his rival, Count Szapary, harnessed him, along with a horse, to a plough. Count Bathiany came with a troop to the relief of his friend, liberated him, and made Hamza Beg in turn his prisoner. Szapary refused to take any ven

geance.

The King, generals, and soldiers of Germany and Poland were all now anxious to prosecute the war against the Turks. There was booty to be won for the soldiers, and provisions for their maintenance. Thus the Duke of Lorraine remained at the head of 80,000 men. With these he took first Neuhousel, the bulwark of Upper Hungary, and, in a short time after, Ofen, which city, considered the capital of the Turkish power in Hungary, was taken by assault, on the 2nd of September, 1686. These successive defeats of the Turks cost the Grand Vizier his life, and the Sultan his throne, placing the Empire for a long time under the control of the janissaries and the mutinous soldiery.

The Christian Powers, one might have thought, would have made better use of such an opportunity. But they were incapa

ble of any sustained efforts or lasting alliance. Sobieski, notwithstanding his triumphs in Hungary, was not able to turn them to the profit of Poland. He marched into Moldavia, and aimed at striking such a blow to the Tartars, as would leave Poland free from their hostility. But he was unable to gain any decisive advantage. The Imperialists, on their part, continued the war by attempting to reduce Belgrade, which they invested. But in this they also failed; and at length both parties, weary, agreed to treat, under the joint mediation of England and Holland.

The peace of Carlowitz was the result, concluded in the last year of the 17th century. By it the Porte entirely ceded its claims to Hungary, reserving merely the Bannat, with the line of the Save and Unna as a frontier. East of the Carpathians, the Dniester became the Turkish limit, the Sultan giving up all claim to the Ukraine. Venice kept the Morea. As a military power the Turkish negotiators frankly owned their decline. Whether they were not still superior in civilisation may be doubted. In the negotiation for the treaty, the Imperialists demanded that he country on the Theiss should be laid waste. The Ottomans replied that their law ordered them to people the earth, not to leave it void. The monarch who made most resistance and objections to the Peace of Carlowitz was Peter the Great, who nevertheless retained Azoff.

MY MONKEY JACKO.

THOSE who have visited the French sea-port of Havre de Grace, must well recollect the innumerable curiosity shops which therein abound; curiosity shops, not like those in the Wardour or the Dean Streets of London, where are exposed for ignominious sale the castoff Penates of London folk, both rich and poor; but real curiosity shops, on whose shelves are arranged in a strange medley the products, animal, vegetable, and mineral, of far distant and little known climes; brought home by the sailors who navigate the numerous and busy trading ships which line the quays, and we may almost say the streets, of this French Liverpool. Let us enter one of these and examine its contents. On the one shelf we see curiously carved baskets, cut with ingenuity from a cocoa nut brought from the South Sea Islands, and beside it armlets of the same all-useful nut, from the Storr and Mortimers of the Islands aforesaid.

On the neighbouring shelf are displayed the products of the Arctic Regions, snow spectacles used by the Esquimaux in his journeys over the frozen snows of his ice-bound but well-beloved home, bartered most likely to the mate of yon tall-masted whaling ship, for a drink of brandy from his flask, or a sixpenny Birmingham knife. Teeth of that monster of the deep, the Cachelot whale, lie here, mixed with the whalebone from the capacious mouth, or,

as we may justly call it, infusorial trap of the true, or right whale; the oil from whose sides fills those greasy-looking barrels just hoisted out of the hold of the floating oil shop close by.

On the largest portion of this whalebone, behold a rude but correct portrait, carved with a sailor's jack-knife, of the brave and sturdy vessel whose comfortable berths formed the only home of the artist when daring the perils of the Northern Ocean.

From the ceiling are suspended cages full of tropical birds. Here, in a dark and gloomy-looking wired box, we can hardly call it a cage, huddle together a crowd of Java sparrows, and wax-bills thinking of their native jungles, and making, in their own language (could we only understand it), unpleasant comparisons between the stale and mouldy food in their feeding troughs, and the sweet and pleasant fruits so agreeable to their epicurean palates, when free and at liberty in their far distant homes.

What is that harsh and unearthly noise as of a duel between two rabid cats, which brings the proprietor (probably not a fat one, for this sort of business is not the most profitable in the world) breathless to the door, "Bella, horrida bella," the tailless African monkey, green-coated, who hangs suspended from an old parrot's cage outside the window, has seized the incautiously protruded tail of his prettier, and therefore more favoured brother, the monkey from South America; he, unfortunate creature, has crossed the herring pond in a hen-coop, which is much too small to contain himself tail and all. His appendage, which in his present condition of life is neither useful nor ornamental, is perpetually getting him into scrapes which the honourable representative of Africa, being per naturam tailless, escapes.

Conscious of his condition, the poor Yankee monkey pulls in his tail, coils it up as well as he can, and gives it a most malicious bite, as much as to say, "I wish you were off, you are of no use to me now, and you look terribly shabby." He then covers it up with straw and looks miserable.

"How much for that monkey," say I, "the one in the hencoop?" The monkey looks up as though he understood what was said, and with a face which evidently says, "Please buy me." The merchant's price is too high; the African rascal he will sell for half the sum, but this gentleman grins so maliciously at the customer that the bargain is off.

The wanderings of the Yankee are not, however, yet finished. He is bought by a knowing innkeeper at Bayeux, near Havre, and for half the price previously set upon his head; and over he goes to his new home. His master, finding out his fond and quiet nature, turns him out with a light chain round his neck, into a comfortable stable, where he can nestle under the hay, and get his sea-worn coat into a respectable condition.

The recollection of this poor monkey haunted me for some time, and I often thought I should like to own him. In the course of time, the celebrated tapestry of Bayeux, worked by the hands of the wife of William the Conqueror, attracted me to that ancient and venerable city. After seeing and wondering at the lions of the place, I went into the stable to find out the coachee, and to