fential to the difeafe.-Paulus Aegineta*, indeed, calls the dyfentery, an ulceration of the inteftines.'-Cælius Aurelianus a rheumatism of the inteftines with an ulcer.-Galen + an ulcer with inflammation, bloody ftools, and pain both in the feat and intestines.'-And it is probable that Du Port has, from the authority of thefe writers, added this character to his account of the dyfentery.-If our Author, however, has adopted this falfe and fuperfluous character, he has omitted others which áre effential, viz. a tenefmus, with a frequent discharge of mucus. -The following we apprehend to be an adequate definition of this disease; severe gripes, frequent tenefmus, and an evacuation of blood and mucus with the ftools.The dyfentery thus defined, is eafily diftinguished from the cholera-morbus, diarrhæa, colica biliofa, lienteria, hepatirrhæa, fluxus-hæmorrhoidalis, and every other fimilar disease.

Peripneumonia Signa.

In peripneumonia, dyfpnæa, ruborque genarum
Exiftunt, oculique tument, grave pondus in imo
Pectore fit, fternum retrahens, hypochondria, dorfum.
Spiritus exhalat calidus, fputumque cruentum

Interdum tuffi erumpit, febrifque perennis

Æfluat, et pulfus mollis fentitur ut unda.
Ilei Signa.

Volvulus hinc fequitur, ftomachus quo turgidus humet,
Et dolor intenfus cruciat cum murmure ventrem.
Singultus, vomitufque, furorque et ructus inanis
Accedit, dyfpnæa, fitis, pallorque, rigorque
Defectufque animi, ftranguria, fudor et algens,
Denique crudelis convulfio, nuntia lethi
Sævit, et horrendum dependet ftercus ab ore.
Phrenitidis Signa.

Delirant cum febre quibus manifefta phrenitis,
Affore quam, vel adeffe docet privatio fomni,
Vel fomnus varia turbatus imagine rerum.
Ex miti fera vox, fquallens et lippus ocellus,
Effundenfque acres lachrymas, venæque tumentes
Sanguine, exiguus potus, collectio vana

Floccorum, pulfufque frequens, durufque, celerque.
Urinæ niveus color, et fpiratio rara.

We shall make no further remarks on our Author, as the Reader will eafily form a judgment of the nature and merits of the work from the above quotations.

The first edition of this work was printed at Paris by Duvall, 1534, 8vo. As to the notes which accompany this fecond edition, whether thofe of the author, the editor, or his anonymous brethren, they are all printed without diftinction; so that it is impoffible to determine, which of the annotators has made fo very free with the commentaries of the learned VAN SWIETEN. -We can only fay it was not Du PORT.-Compare,

* Lib. iii. Cap. 42.

It is not uncommon for commentators, critics, and annotators, to hit upon the fame obfervations; but to exprefs thofe obfertions in the very fame words, is, we apprehend, a little un

The Elements of Heraldry; containing a clear Definition, and concise biftorical Account of that ancient, useful, and entertaining Science. -The Origin, Antiquity, and divers Kinds of Coats-of-Arms, with their effential and integral Parts confidered feparately.-The feveral Sorts of Efcutcheons, Tin&tures, Charges, and Ornaments ufed for Coats-of-Arms.-The Marks whereby Bearers of the fame Coat-of-Arms are diftinguished from each other.-Charges formed of Ordinaries, Celestial Figures, Animals, Birds, Fishes, Vegetables, artificial and chimerical Figures.-The Laws of Heraldry; practical Directions for marfballing Coats-of-Arms, and the Order of Precedency.-Embellished with feveral fine Guts, and Twentyfour Copper-plates, containing above Five hundred different Examples of Efcutcheons, Arms, &c. and interfperfed with the natural Hiflory, and allegorical Signification of the feveral Species of Biras, Beafs, Fibes, &c. comprehended in this Treatise.-To which is annexed, a Dictionary of the technical Terms made use of in Heraldry. By Mark Anthony Porny, French-mafter at Eton-College. 8vo. 5s. fewed. Newbery.

HERALDRY, fays this Writer, is so noble, ufeful, and entertaining a fcience, that fcarce any of thofe ftudies. which are confidered as polite and ornamental, can lay a juster claim to the attention of noblemen and gentlemen. For it prefents to their view the origin and foundation of thofe titles and dignities, which diftinguifh them from the rest of mankind; and serves not only to transmit to pofterity the glory of the heroic actions, or meritorious deeds of their ancestors, but also to illuftrate hiftorical facts, towards establishing their rights and prerogatives.

It is therefore a juft matter of wonder, that in fo learned and polished an age as ours, this fcience fhould be fo little attended to, as not to be confidered as a part of liberal education, fince there are fo few to be met with, even among perfons of quality, that can speak pertinently of their coats-of-arms, and either know the origin of them, or can account for the quarterings and charges they contain.

The most obvious reafon that can be given for the prefent neglect of this valuable knowledge, is that most of the authors, who, for a century paft, have treated of Heraldry, either to heighten this science, or to make à vain fhew of their own crudition, have fwelled their treatifes with tedious explanations of the pretended mystical sense of the colours and charges of coatsof-arms, with prepofterous reflections, and far-fetched conjectares; and, in a word, with numberlefs trifles, fufficient to difguft not only young gentlemen, generally taken up either with exercifes

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exercifes or pleasure, but even perfons of riper years, and more studiously inclined.

In order to remedy thefe defects, I have carefully collected all I could find effential in the moft celebrated and moft approved writers on this fubject, and have endeavoured to digeft it into fo intelligible and eafy a form, that any person of ordinary capacity may thereby be enabled to blazon the most intricate coat of-arms and as this epitome is chiefly defigned for the inftruction of the British youth, care has been taken to remove, as far as poffible, every obftacle that might hinder fo neceflary a science from being admitted among the other branches of polite learning; for which purpose, befides the great variety of cuts and copper-plates inferted to affift both the memory and understanding, there is added at the end of the work a dictionary for the explanation of all the technical terms, which removes one of the greatest difficulties attending the ftudy of Heraldry.'

After having thus, in his preface, amply explained his defign, Mr. Porny proceeds, in the body of his work, to give us the definition, origin, and antiquity of the fcience of Heraldry, and the honour of arms,-which, he fays, are diftinguished into, eight different forts, viz.

1. Arms of dominion,--as the three lions in the royal arms of England.

2. Arms of pretenfion,-as the three fleurs-de-lis of France, which the kings of England have quartered with their own, ever fince Edward III. laid claim to that crown.

3. Arms of concefion,-given as a reward for fome extraordinary fervice. Thus Q. Anne granted to Sir Cloudefly Shovel, a chevron between two fleurs-de-lis in chief, and a crefcent in bafe, to denote three great victories he had gained; two over the French, and one over the Turks.

4. Arms of community, are those of cities, universities, and other bodies corporate.

5. Arms of patronage, borne by governors of provinces, &c. as a token of their rights, and jurifdiction.

6. Arms of family, or paternal-arms, meant to distinguish one family from another.

7. Arms of alliance, are either impaled or borne in an efcutcheon of pretence, and denote the alliance which families have contracted by marriage.

8. Arms of fucceffion, are fuch as are taken up by those who inherit eftates, &c. either by will, entail, or donation, and which they quarter with their own arms; whereby the bearings, in fome families, are greatly multiplied.

Under the above eight claffes the divers forts of arms are ge nerally ranged; but fome blazoners have invented a ninth class,

which they call affumptive arms, from their being affumed and borne by perfons not properly intitled thereto. This, indeed, as Mr. Porny juftly obferves, is a great abufe of heraldry; but yet fo common, and fo much tolerated, almoft every where, that little or no notice is taken of it.'

Hé next proceeds to explain the effential and integral parts arms, viz. the fhield, tinctures, charges, and ornaments.

of

When he comes to fpeak of the differences of coats-of-arms, which armorists have invented to diftinguish the bearers of the fame coat from each other, he divides them into ancient and modern, the former confifting of bordures only, the latter of the label, crefcent, mullet, martlet, annulet, &c.-But of all thefe, marks of diftinction, he obferves, that none but the label is inferted into the coats-of-arms belonging to any of the royal family, which the introducers of this peculiarity have, however, thought proper to difference by diftinct charges on the points of the label; fuch as a red cross on the [late] D. of Cumberland's, ermine on the Princefs Amelia's, &c.'-To the above inftances he might have added another diftinction, viz. that the label in the D. of York's arms is of five points.

He fays that fifters have no differences in their coats, therefore are permitted to bear the arms of their father, even as the eldeft fon does after his father's deceafe.' But how does this agree with his own account above, of the ermined label in the Princefs Amelia's arms?

Mr. Porny feems unwilling to allow of any fuch diftinctions as are ufually ftiled abatements of honour: for which he affigns: this reafon; that- arms being marks of honour, they cannot admit of any note of infamy; nor would any body bear them, if they were fo branded.'-But it is generally allowed that the bâton is placed across the arms of baftards as an abatement, without which they cannot bear their paternal coats; and if the baton is not an abatement, then is there no difference between baftards and children lawfully begotten. To avoid allowing the bâton to be an Abatement, Mr. Porny in his Dict. calls it a Rebatement, but this is a distinction without a difference.

Chap. IV. gives a great variety of examples of all the various charges, as diftinguifhed by the names of honourable ordinaries, proper ordinaries, and common charges. Among the firft is included the faltier, which, he fays, p. 86, may, like the others, be borne engrailed, wavy,' &c.-but though he gives a whole plate of examples, yet not one amongst them is to be found wavy. And here we are obliged to obferve, that his plates, and the explanations of them, do not always agree fo exactly as the nice, diftinctions of heraldry feem to require. Thus, in Pl. V. No. 20. (arms of the bifhopric of Raphoe) the first part of the chief, hould have been the fecond, and vice verfa; agreeably to the REV. Feb. 1766.

I

blazon