per amasti, ut eodem amore sis." Ep. 5. ad Attic. Lib. iii. « Ut abest," says Grævius, "a vulg." but the fact is, that the transcribers frequently excluded the word as unnecessary in their opinion. Drakenborch makes the same complaint in Livy, Lib. xxii. c. 11. "Sæpius librarii id Livio inviderunt, alterutram particularum inducentes."

Gronovius, in his note on the first passage quoted from Aulus Gellius, refers to that, which he had written, " de hac particula ut iteratione ad Liv. xxviii. 9." "Ut, quoniam et in provincia M. Livii res gesta esset, et eo die, quo pugnatum foret, ejus forte auspicium fuisset, et exercitus Livianus deductus Romam venisset, Neronis deduci non potuisset de provincia, ut M. Liviumsequerentur." Rhenanus, like the transcribers, would exclude ut, but Gronovius stoutly retains it, and adds very justly," Hæc revera antiqua formula est."

In the same note he quotes the following passage from Livy, Lib. xxxvi. c. 3. "Ut quos L. Quintius milites conscripsisset, et quos sociis nominique Latino imperasset, quos secum in provinciam ire oporteret, et tribuni militum legionis primæ et tertiæ, ut hi omnes Brundusium Idibus Maiis convenirent." He cites also another parallel passage from the Bacchide of Plautus, Act i. Sc. 1.

Hæc ita me orat, sibi qui caveat, aliquem ut hominem reperiam,
Ab istoc milite, ut, ubi emeritum sibi sit, se ut revehat domum.

I do not know any Greek profane writer, in whom the same, or even a similar formula occurs, except Polybius, of whom Schweigheuser observes in his Lexicon: "Post as pro or positum, ubi interjectis nonnullis verbis suspensa est oratio, repetitur ante verbum particula διότι, 5, 104, 3” Δῆλον γὰρ εἶναι παντὶ τῷ καὶ μετρίως περὶ τὰ κοινὰ σπουδάζοντι καὶ νῦν, ὡς, ἐάν τε Καρχηδόνιοι Ρωμαίων, ἐάν τε Ρωμαῖοι Καρχηδονίων περιγένωνται τῷ πολέμῳ, διότι κατ' οὐδένα τρόπον εἰκός ἐστι—κ. τ. λ. Schweigheuser mentions again, hoc genus avaxoλoullas," in his note upon Lib. xii. 23. where he is explaining the redundant as followed by an infinitive in Polybius.'

On ri, so used by Thucydides, Xenophon, and St. Luke, Act. xxvii. v. 10. see Hoogeveen de Partic. c. xxxviii. sect. 2. 4. and Gronovius on Herod. L. 1. p. 97. of Wesseling's Ed. lin. penult. where Gronov. from conjecture, would insert before amorée, which is the closing word of the sentence, and his conjecture is confirmed by two MSS.: "Non potest in his vocibus ulla injuria animadverti; adeo apparent omnia integra, et robusti coloris, ac nitentia: at vero per similes literas absorpta est vocula, quam codex MS. interpositam sic restituit legitque, εἶπον μὲν καὶ προτερόν τοί, CTI ¿TÉ μe, &c. àroтpéfur: quod quanto est electius, suavius, atque etiam apertius? Id enim quoque Græcæ urbanitatis est, particulam ? quidem

I hope to be excused for adding, that Sallust sometimes puts tamen after the old word tamen etsi for which the commentators have injudiciously substituted tametsi: see Bell. Cat. c. iii. 21. where there is an excellent note by Cortius: see Bell. Jug. c. xiii. Cortius, at the end of his note on the last mentioned passage says: "Neque iteratio Tũ tamen insolens erit, cum consideraveris Livium ut, Nostrum aliosque pronomina iterare."

It may be worth while for the reader to look at an excellent note of Salmasius on Florus, Lib. II. c. vi. where he illustrates the repetition of si "in longioris spiritus periodis, aut hyperbato aliquo implexioribus," and where he also adduces from Ulpian, Pomponius, &c. several instances of an, etiam, and si, repeated. Duker, in his note on this passage of Florus, observes: « Si interpositis quibusdam repetit Livius III. xix. 9. Si quis vobis humillimus homo de plebe vestra— si quis ex his.'

In justice to a very acute critic, Wopkens, (in his Lect. Tullian. p. 29.) I would state, that he has noticed several kinds of repetition in the classical writers, and, as the book may not be in the hands of every scholar, I will subjoin his words: «"Ut siqui tremerent et exalbescerent, vel ipsi per se motu mentis aliquo, vel objecta terribili re extrinsecus, nihil ut esset qui distingueretur tremor ille et pallor, &c. [Acad. ii. 15.]: in his nihil ut esset conjunctionem ut delebat vir cl., ne recurreret: at par ratio est infra c. xlvi. Ut quoniam Aristippus, &c. ut Calliphontem sequar: ubi vide Manut. et Lamb. Liv. L. xxvIII. c. ix.-Gell. L. 111. c. ix. utrobique consule J. F. Gronov. [these two passages have been cited above]: Apuleius Apol. p. 548. Persuasi ut, filiis pecuniam suam reposcentibus, de qua supra jam dixi, ut eam pecuniam sine mora redderet: quem locum debeo cl. Davisio, qui eum citat ad Tusc. L. III. c. viii. Florus, L. II. c. vi.-ubi vide Salmas. et Duker. [cited above]: his quoque vindicari ista lectio potest Divin. 1. c. lvii. Quid est, cur, cum domus sit omnium una,cur ii quid ex quoque eveniat perspicere non possint? Codici Regio et Cantabrigiensi, ut sæpius alibi, ita et illic nimium tribuebat cl. Editor, qui eorum auctoritate fretus, prius illud cur deletum voluit: D. Joannes Epist. 1. c. iii. 20. or av xaтaɣivéσxy μ καρδία, ὅτι μείζων ἐστὶν ὁ Θεὸς τῆς καρδίας ἡμῶν, ubi posterius illud ori, cum codice quodam et vulgata interpretatione, delent philo

immiscere, et nihilominus tamen verbi quod sequitur formam ex ea non gubernare, sed perinde ac si admixta ipsa non esset, ex præcedenti periodo." The passage in the Acts, c. xxvii. v. 10. to which I have referred above, is θεωρῶ ὅτι ·μinλELY fotoĐại Tòy TV. Raphelius, in his note on this passage, produces instances of r joined with diacrávas from Polyb. L. 1. c. xxxix. with Todd from Arrian Epict. L. 1. c. x. with aya from Appian Expedit. Alexand. L. VI. c. xxvi. with a from his Indic. Hist. L. vI. c. vi. and with avançay from Plutarch in Pædag. vii. 13.

logi, aut pro eo substituunt er, quibus equidem haud facile accesserim." I am accustomed to respect the good sense and the erudition of Davies, nor will I speak with severity of his partiality to two MSS. which he had consulted diligently, and which he has employed judiciously upon many passages; but equal respect surely is due to the authority of Manutius and Lambinus, and in order to check inconsiderate men from giving implicit assent to the opinion of Davies, I will quote the words of Manutius and Lambinus, to which Wopkens only refers, on Acad. ii. 45. “ Abundare ut, qui totum ambitum verborum attendet, statim intelliget; et, ut dicam quod sentio, suspicor ipsum ita scripsisse Ciceronem, rem potius, quam verba spectantem; idem enim alibi quoque vitium deprehendi: ut L. 111. de Fin. Ne illud quidem consentaneum, ut, si cum tria genera bonorum sint, quæ sententia est Peripateticorum, eo beatior quisque sit, quo sit corporis aut externis bonis plenior, ut hoc idem approbandum sit nobis, et Lib. 1. Ep. i. ad Quintum fratrem, ut te ante compares, cum jam dixerit ut si hoc plane, &c." (there is, probably, some mistake in this last quotation.) P. Manut. "Videtur," says Lambin. “delenda particula ut hoc loco, ut inanis et otiosa; nam supra posita semel est suo loco, ibi ut quoniam Aristipp. &c.: veruntamen non sum eam delere ausus; nam sæpe Latini scriptores tales particulas bis ponunt, cum ea, quæ semel posita est, longius distat; idque sæpenumero apud Plautum animadverti et notavi." I have already quoted one instance from Plautus: I will add a second, with the note of Lambinus:

Per omnes deos adjuro, ut ni meum

Gnatum tam amem, atque ei facta cupiam quæ is velit,
Ut tua jum virgis latera lacerentur probe,
Ferratusque in pistrino ætatem conteras.

Bacch. Act iv. Sc. 6. v. 8.

Lambinus, who passes by the first instance I have produced from Plautus, thus writes upon the second instance: "Particula ut hic iterata est perspicuitatis causa, quia altera illa superior nimis longe aberat." In Act iv. Sc. 6. v. 18. another instance occurs:

Orabat, ut, quod istic esset scriptum, ut fieret:

Gronovius adds this note: " Ita Gruter. quum ambobus in MSS. legeretur ut fieret, et increpat editiones eodem versu bis eandem particulam exprimentes: itaque alii fecerunt, Esset scriptum, fieret: sed retinenda scriptura vetus integra, utut; neque inepte, sed antique repetitur particula: nec Plauto modo, ut hac ipsa scena, Ut ni meum etc. ut &c. et hac fabula Ut, ubi emeritum &c.--ut [both cited above]; sed persæpe et Livio: vide nostra ad l. xxii. 11. et 28, 9. Terentius Phorm. Act i. Sc. 3.`

Adeon, rem redisse, ut qui mihi consultum optime velit esse,

Phædria, patrem ut extimescam, ubi in mentem ejus adventi venit: «ubi Guidet. sibi videtur operæ pretium facere, ex posteriori versu T ut quod abundabat, inquit, ejecto, sed Terent. sic abundare ipse voluit." In favor of the reading, for which Gronov. contends in the Phormio of Terence, I ought to remark, that it has been adopted by Hare, and by Bentley, who on this occasion were, perhaps, attentive only to the metre of Terence, and silently passed by a grammatical peculiarity.

I intend no affront to the memory of Davies, when I state that, where his favorite MSS. are silent, he was himself no stranger to repetition, that he censures Manutius for rejecting ab eo, which had been repeated, and that he even quotes an instance from Apuleius, who repeats that very word ut, which Davies had himself more than once thrown out from the text of Cicero, pleading, it is true, the contents of his MSS., but observing a strict silence upon the practice itself. Cic. says, Tusc. Quæst. L. III. c. viii. Nequitia ab eo (etsi erit hoc fortasse durius: sed tentemus lusisse putemur, si nihil sit) ab eo quod nequicquam est in tali homine; ex quo idem nihil dicitur." Davies here adds this remarkable note: "Quod voces ab eo geminentur, alteram bigam tollendam censet vir ille doctiss. [P. Manutius]: at, in longiore verborum ductu, vel præterita, vel eorum sensus crebro repetuntur: Cæsar L. III. B. G. c. xxiii. "Adcantuanus, qui summum imperii tenebat, cum DC. devotis-cum iis Adcantuannus eruptionem facere conatus: Noster infra, c. xxviii. Ergo id, quod alii rectum opinantes ægritudini se solent dedere, id hi turpe putantes agritudinem repulerunt. Apulei. Apol. p. 467. ed. Par. Utrum igitur putas philosopho, non secundum Cynicam, &c.utrum ei putas turpe, scire istá, an nescire: et p. 548. [this instance has been cited in the note of Wopkens]: hujusce generis multa legentibus fient obvia." 1

In opposition to Ciacconius, who would have dislodged the ill-fated cum from the text of Cæsar, Davies boldly asserts its right to continue there, and refers for the vindication of the principle to the note of Gronovius ad Senec. de Ira, L. 1. c. iii.: he in his own note on L. 111. c xx. de Bell. Gall. resists Ciacconius, who would exclude ex his regionibus, after using the words Tolosa, Carbone, et Narbone, quæ sunt civitates Galliæ provincia finitima; and even in rectifying and fortifying his own note against Clarke, who had adopted Ciacconius's conjecture, he appeals to Gronovius ad Liv. 25, 27. "Nimirum," says Davies, quod probe vir summus animadvertit, is est optimorum scriptorum usus, ut, propter interjecta verba quædam parenthesi conclusa, vel easdem voces, vel eundem sensum repetant." In criticism, as in commou life, Davies, and greater men than Davies, must have experienced the truth of an observation, which ought to teach every scholar the necessity of distrusting himself, aud of candor to his fellow laborers:

I believe that the reader will not censure me for producing so many instances of repetition from profane authors the frequent recurrence of it is a proof of the tendency there is in the mind to employ this repetition, when the sentence is long; and the practice of so many classical authors may teach us to be candid in our judgments when we meet with several instances in English writers of high and deserved celebrity. It is, however, a kind of writing, which is to be excused rather than recommended, and every person, who aspires to the praise of elegance, would be anxious not to employ it, except in those very rare cases, where it may contribute to perspicuity. Dr. Johnson, I believe, never falls into it, and I hope to be acquitted of arrogance, when I add that in the writings, which I have committed to the press, I have studiously avoided it.

The passage, which Wopkens produces from St. John, is entitled to very serious consideration. Both in sacred, and in profane writers or is redundant: hence Raphelius on Mark ix. v. 18. quotes the following passages: Cyropæd. L. III. p. 51. lin. 13. εἶπε δ ̓ ὅτι εἰς καιρὸν ἥκεις. Enchirid. Epicteti c. xv. μηδέποτε ἐπὶ μηδενὸς εἴπης, ὅτι ἀπώλεσα αὐτό, ἀλλ ̓ ὅτι ἀπέδωκα. Herodotus, L. II. P. 147. E. lin. 2. τέλος δέ, σφι λόγον τόνδε ἐκφαίνει ὁ Πρωτεὺς, λέγων ὅτι, εἰ μὴ περὶ πολλοῦ ἡγούμην. Lambert Bos, in his Exercitationes Philologica, when explaining Mark c. xvi. v. 7. writes thus: "Ignorasse, vel saltem non observasse, videntur Belgæ et vulgatus ἰδίωμα ̔Ελληνικὸν, et usum voculæ ὅτι apud Græcos, quæ sæpissime apud profanos pariter et sacros scriptores, præsertim post verba EITE, Aéye, et similia, Tapéλxe, i. e. ita usurpatur, ut, ea demta, sensus nihilo secius constet, quin immo in aliis linguis necessario abesse aliquando debeat: Dem. περὶ παραπρ. ἀκούειν δὲ

Nunquam ita quisquam bene subducta ratione ad vitam fuit,
Quin res, atas, usus semper aliquid adportet nooi;
Aliquid moneat, ut illa quæ te scire credas, nescias';
Et quæ tibi putaris prima, in experiendo ut repudies.

Adelphi, Act. iv. Sc. 4. v. 1.

Those virtues, which alone induce the ancients to confer upon learning the honorable name of humanity, had in the last century found their way into the minds and the writings even of verbal critics; and I am in the number of those, who view with sorrow, and with indignation, the influence of every cause, which obstructs their progress, or diminishes their efficacy. Markland, Tyrwhitt, Musgrave, Burgess, Hemsterhuis, Wesseling, Valckenaer, and Ruhnken, have given us examples of courtesy and moderation, which the future editors of classical books would do well to imitate in an age, when the petulance, the self-importance, and the malignity of philologists, would be justly reprobated by wise and good men; when the usefulness of philology itself, as compared with other branches of knowledge, is estimated fairly, but not extravagantly, and when subjects of far higher importance, and much greater difficulty, occupy the attention of a civilized, and very enlightened public.