brittle; these cakes are kept in well closed bottles. The same process may be used to make a portable soup of the flesh of poultry; and aromatic herbs may be used as a seasoning if thought proper. These tablets or cakes may be kept four or five years. When intended to be used, the quantity of half an ounce is put into a large glass of boiling water, which is to be covered, and set upon hot ashes for a quarter of an hour, or until the whole is entirely dissolved. It forms an excellent soup, and requires no addition but a small quantity of salt.

Sax. run, rurig; Dan. suur; Goth. Swed. and Welsh sur. Acid; austere ; pungent with astrin

SOUR, adj., n. s., v. A., SOUR'ISH, adj. [& v. n. SOUR'LY, adv. SOUR'NESS, n. s. SOUR'SOP. gency: hence harsh; crabbed; severe of temper; afflictive; painful; sullen; discontented: to sour is, to make or become acid, harsh, or crabbed : the noun substantive means an acid substance: sourish is slightly sour: the adverb and noun substantive following correspond: soursop is a custard apple.

Shakspeare.

All sour things, as vinegar, provoke appetite.

Bacon. Sourness consisteth in some grossness of the body; and incorporation doth make the mixture of the body more equal, which induceth a milder taste.

Id. Natural History. A man of pleasant and popular conversation, rather free than sour and reserved.

Wotton's Life of Buckingham. He was never thought to be of that superstitious sourness, which some men pretend to in religion. King Charles. His angelick nature had none of that carnal leven which ferments the souring of ours. Decay of Piety. I' th' spring, like youth, it yields an acid taste; But summer doth, like age, the sourness waste.

Denham.

Has life no sourness, drawn so near its end ld. The lord treasurer often looked on me with a sear countenance.

Swift.

One passion, with a different turn, Makes wit inflame, or anger burn. So the sun's heat, with different powers, Ripens the grape, the liquor sours. It [the sour sop] grows in several parts of the Spanish West-Indies, where it is cultivated for its

fruits.

Miller.

Both ways deceitful is the wine of power; When new 'tis heady, and when old 'tis sour.

Harte.

SOUR, in chemistry, &c. See ACID, ACIDITY, ACIDS, and CHEMISTRY, Index.

SOURABHAYA, a settlement on the northeastern coast of Java, the capital of a Dutch es tablishment. The place is situated in lat. 7° 11' S., on the banks of a river one mile and a half from the sea shore. It is navigable up to the town for vessels of 100 tons burden, and one side of the bank is made convenient for tracking. The environs and banks of the river contain many villages, inhabited by two-thirds Javanese and Malays, and the remainder Chinese. The country around Sourabhaya is very fertile, and other shrubs. The land is flat, and the soil and shaded by thickets of bamboos, bananas, so light that it can be ploughed with a single buffaloe; and there is here a breed of horses, which, though small, are strong and handsome. The Dutch garrison is quartered in a brick fort, containing a small arsenal on the right bank of the river, on which side dwell the governor and most of the officers. This place is the depot for the quotas of troops which the chiefs of Madura and Samanap are obliged to furnish to building yards for vessels not drawing more than the Dutch East Company. Here are several ten or twelve feet water, which are afterwards sold to the petty princes on Borneo and Bally, and for transporting the rice raised in the neigh

bourhood. The mountains in the vicinity contain a hard stone, in color and veins resembling box-wood, which is worked with a wheel by the natives very tastefully into candlesticks, plates, and goblets. They also manufacture many other

Attle articles, such as combs and brushes of buffaloe's horns. A league and a half distant from Sourabhaya, upon a hill that extends along the river Bagieran, is a saltpetre house, the nitre being procured from the earth, much intermixed with the dung of bats, which are very numerous in the neighbourhood. Ships from Batavia going to China, or the Philippines, generally touch for refreshments at this place, especially during the season of the north westers. The adjacent country is remarkably populous, and the natives are governed by two Tomogons, one of whom is allied to the emperor of Java. Within a circumference of twelve miles, the Javanese and Malay villages are so numerous that they seem a part of the town.

SOURCE, n. s. French source ; Ital. sorge. Spring; fountain; head; original; first cause or producer.

This second source of men, while yet but few, With some regard to what is just and right Shall lead their lives.

Milton's Paradise Lost.

The heads and sources of rivers flow upon a descent, or an inclining plane, without which they could not flow at all. Woodward's Natural History.

SOURING LIME, in rural economy. It is stated by the writer of an Essay on Quicklime as a Cement, that, when lime is to be employed for making plaster, it is of great importance that every particle of the limestone be slaked before it is worked up; for, as the smoothness of the surface is the cirumstance most wished for in plaster, if any particles of lime should be beaten up in it, and employed in work, before they have had sufficient time to fall, the water, still continuing to act upon them after the materials have been worked up, will infallibly slake such particles, which will then expand themselves in a forcible manner, and be productive of those excrescences upon the surface of the plaster which are commonly known by the name of blisters. Consequently, if it be intended to have a perfect kind of plaster, which is capable of remaining smooth on the surface and free from blisters, there is an absolute necessity for allowing the lime of which it is composed to lie for a considerable length of time in maceration with water before it is wrought up into plaster, which is a process or operation that is here termed souring. Where the limestone is of a pure quality, and has been very perfectly calcined or burnt, there will seldom be any danger of the whole of the lime falling at first; but, where it has been less perfectly burnt, there will be many particles, which will require to lie a long time before they will be completely reduced into powder. This

macerating process or operation is consequently more necessary with impure than pure lime; but still it ought on no occasion to be omitted or neglected, as there is not the smallest probability but that some blisters would appear on the surface of plasters made with even the purest lime, when worked up and applied immediately after being slaked, without undergoing this souring process in some degree. The practice is also common of souring the lime when it is intended for being used in mortar.

It is not necessary that plaster should be endowed with stony hardness; so that there is no loss sustained by allowing a great proportion of the lime which is designed for that purpose to absorb its air before it be used; and the only circumstance which is necessary to be attended to in souring the lime is, that it be allowed to macerate long enough. It is indeed necessary on some occasions it should lie a very long time before any certainty can be had that all the particles are thoroughly slaked, as pieces of limeshells have been known to lie upwards of six months exposed to all the changes of the winter weather, and fall after that period. Another advantage of some consequence likewise, it is said, attends this practice; as, if by such means a large proportion of the lime be allowed to absorb its air, and become in the mild or effete state, when it is wrought or beaten up for use, the water can have no sensible effect upon this mild lime. By this means, too, those crystalline exudations, which are so common on walls newly plastered, will be the best and most effectually prevented.

As lime, from the moment of its being fully slaked, begins to absorb air, and continues to take up more and more every minute from that time until it becomes perfectly mild or effete, so as to be rendered gradually less and less proper for forming mortar of any kind, it necessarily follows that, where lime designed for this purpose is permitted to lie long in the sour, a great part of it will be converted into chalky matter, or uncrystallised mild or effete lime, in which state it will not be capable of having so much sand added to it, or of forming so good a mortar as would have been the case if a larger proportion of the sandy material had been made use of in the first place, and been wrought up as speedily as possible, without so much souring, into mortar, and immediately made use of. The evil will also be increased where the lime has been but slightly burnt.

The doctrine of the nature and utility of this process receives additional proof and support from the practice which was followed by the ancients, who, according to Vitruvius and Pliny, recommend that the lime should be macerated or soured in water, for exactly the same reasons that we have given, as it is only by that means, he asserts, that the plaster can be prevented from blistering. Tunc de albariis operibus est explicandum. Id autem erit recte, si glebæ calcis optime, ante multo tempore quam opus fuerit, macerabuntur. Numque cum non penitus macerata, sed recens sumitur-habens latentes crudos cuculos, pustulas omittit.——Qui calculi dissolvunt et dissipant tectorii politiones.'-Vitruvius, lib. vii. c. 2.

Countries are more fruitful to the southward than in the northern parts. Raleigh's History of the World.

East and west have no certain points of heaven, but north and south are fixed; and seldom the far southern people have invaded the northern, but contrariwise. Bacon.

The planting of trees warm upon a wall, against the south or southeast sun, doth hasten their ripening. Id. Men's bodies are heavier when southern winds blow than when northern. Id. Natural History. From the north to call

Decrepid winter, from the south to bring
Solstitial summer's heat.

Milton.

Mean while the south wind rose, and, with black wings

Wide hovering, all the clouds together drove. Id.
Next Chemos, the' obscene dread of Moab's sons,
From Aroar to Nebo, and the wild
Of southmost Abarim.

Id.

Graunt.

Two other country bills give us a view of the most easterly, westerly, and southerly parts of England. Unto such as live under the pole that is only north which is above them, that is only southerly which is below them. Browne.

Frowning Auster seeks the southern sphere, And rots with endless rain the' unwholesome year. Dryden. I will conduct thee on thy way, When next the southing sun inflames the day. Id. Not far from hence, if I observed aright The southing of the stars and polar light, Sicilia lies.

Id. Eneid.

He spurned the wretch that slighted or withstood The tender argument of kindred blood, Nor would endure that any should control His freeborn brethren of the southern pole. Cowper. SOUTH OF INDIA.-This has sometimes been treated as a distinct geographical division of Hindostan, having the figure of a triangle, of which the course of the river Krishna forms the base, and the coasts of Malabar and Coromandel the sides. Its extent from the Krishna to Cape Comorin, which forms the apex of the triangle, is about 600 British miles, and its breadth in the widest part is about 550, whence it tapers to a point at Cape Comorin. The great feature of this region is a central table land, elevated from 3000 to 5000 feet above the level of the sea, separated by wild, abrupt, declivities from the low flat countries to the east and west, which form a belt of small but unequal breadth between the hills and sea. The central range is usually termed Balagnaut (above the ghauts), and the lower belt the Payeenghaut (below the ghauts). The mass of the population consists of Hindoos; and the primitive Hindoo manners and customs are preserved in a state of great purity, particularly in Tinnevelly and the adjacent districts. The lapse of twenty centuries has here apparently made no change in the habits and peculiarities

of the Hindoo, either as to his civil condition or religion. His diet is frugal and simple; his hut formed of mud, the leaves of the cocoa-nut tree, and a few bamboos; and a small strip of cloth is his garment. The country is subdivided chiefly into villages, comprehending some thousand which have scarcely ever been altered. The acres of arable and waste land, the boundaries of constitution of these villages resembles a permanent republic, or corporation, having its hereditary municipal officers, and some artizans.

Hyder was the only Indian sovereign who ever subdued his petty feudatories, and really was, according to our ideas, master of his country. Since the intrusion of the Mahometans the South of India has much deteriorated, and its decline was accelerated at the commencement of the British influence, while the revenue was gathered by its feudatory chiefs. The open violence of armies has probably done less injury than the fines, fees, exactions, and contributions, which have been imposed by the tyranny, or permitted by the weakness, of these governments. The buildings, tanks, channels, and even ridges, that separated former fields; the ruined villages, general tradition, books, accounts, sunnuds, and inscriptions, all combine to give a high idea of much greater former cultivation and opulence. Except Madras there are not now any great cities in this division of Hindostan. The earliest Mahometan army that crossed the Krishna was led in 1310 by Kafoor against Dhoor Summooder, the capital city of Belal Deo, the sovereign of Karnata. Other systems of religion, beside that of Brahma, had at certain periods an extensive sway here. 1. The Jains, who reject the authority of the Vedas and Purans, of which profession the sovereigns of Karnata appear to have been until the twelfth century of the Christian era. 2. The Bhauddha, who had temples. 3. The Mahometan religion, which was introduced through the medium of the commercial intercourse between Arabia and Malabar. 4. A numerous colony of Jews, settled at Cochin and in other parts of Malabar. 5. A knowledge of the true religion had made some progress at an early period, but the Nestorian doctrines were those professed.

The territories comprehended in this division, according to Mr. Hamilton, are a small portion of the Bejapoor province; the Balaghaut ceded districts; the Carnatic, northern, central, and southern; Mysore, Canara, Malabar, Barramahal, Coimbetoor, Dindigul, Salem and Kistnagherry, Cochin and Travancor; under which heads respectively further topographical details will be found.

SOUTH SEA, OF PACIFIC OCEAN, are both names of that vast body of water interposed between Asia and America. It does not however, strictly speaking, reach quite to the continent of Asia, excepting to the northward of the peninsula of Malacca: for the sea interposed between the eastern coast of Africa and the peninsula just mentioned has the name of the Indian Ocean. The South Sea then is bounded on one side by the western coast of America, through its whole extent, from the unknown regions in the north to the Straits of Magellan and Terra del Fuego,

where it communicates with the southern part of the Atlantic. On the other side it is bounded by the coast of Asia, from the northern promontory of Tschuskotskoi Noss, to the peninsula of Malacca already mentioned. Thence it is bounded to the southward by the coasts of Borneo, Celebes, Macassar, New Guinea, New Holland, and the other islands in that quarter, which divide it from the Indian Ocean. Then, washing the east coast of the great island of New Holland, it communicates with that vast body of water encompassing the whole southern part of the globe, and which has the general name of the Southern Ocean. Thus does this vast ocean occupy almost the semi-circumference of the globe, extending almost from one pole to the other, and about the equatorial parts extending almost 180° in long., or 12,500 English miles. The northern parts of the Pacific are almost destitute of land, from lat. 40° N. and upwards, excepting such islands as are near the coast either of Asia or America: in the southern part there are a great number. Till very lately the South Sea was in a great measure unknown. From the great extent of ice which covers the southern part of the globe, it was imagined that much more land existed there than in the northern regions. But the supposed southern continent, or Terra Australis, has hitherto eluded the search of the most expert navigators. See Cook, PACIFIC, and POLYNESIA.

SOUTHAM, a market town and parish of Warwickshire, thirteen miles north-west from Banbury, and eighty-two north from London, is indifferently built. But the church is handsome, and has a spire. Market on Monday, for cattle. Fairs, first Monday in Lent, Easter-Monday, Monday before Whitsuntide, and July 10th.

SOUTHAMPTON is a borough-town and county of itself, consisting of seven parishes, including Stoneham, situate at the junction of the Test and Itching, which forms the Southampton Water, twenty-two miles W. N. W. from Portsmouth, and seventy-seven W. N. W. from London. It contains many handsome streets; and its ancient timber buildings are daily giving place to modern erections. The High Street, terminating at the quay, has a beautiful view both of the Water and the New Forest. The town is well paved, lighted, and watched; and the streets are always clean and dry. Conduits are disposed at proper distances, and supply the town with excellent water. The new and superior buildings are chiefly occupied as lodging-houses for the numerous summer visitors, for the purpose of seabathing; for whose accommodation here, and in the vicinity, are a vast number of warm and cold baths, fitted up with suitable conveniences. The approach to the town from the London road is exceedingly striking; and, on entering the town by one of its more fashionable streets, the view is farther heightened by that venerable relic of antiquity the Bar-gate; the greater part of which is supposed to have been erected in the reign of Edward III. Over the arches of the foot and carriage-ways is a town-hall, fifty-two feet by twenty-one, with which a room for the grand jury communicates.

The old walls present, in some places, a venerable appearance. Their circuit is computed at

one mile and a quarter, but the whole present town cannot be less than three miles round. The castle stands near the middle of the south part. The keep stood on a high artificial mount, and from its ruins a small round tower has been constructed, whence there is a delightful prospect. It is supposed to have been of Saxon origin. The six parishes (exclusive of Stoneham) have but five parish churches; viz. Holy-Rood, St. Michael's, All-Saints, St. Mary's, and the united parish church of St. Lawrence and St. John. That of Holy-Rood is remarkable for its organ and monuments. It is a vicarage, in the patronage of Queen's College, Oxford. St. Michael's has a high slender octagonal tower, which serves as a mark for vessels entering the harbour. AllSaints' is an elegant modern structure, fronting the High Street. The whole length is ninetyfive feet, breadth sixty-one, and height, to the ceiling, forty-seven. St. Lawrence's is a small church, situate in the High Street. St. Mary's is a rectory, in the gift of the bishop of Winchester, worth at least £1400 per annum: The various classes of dissenters have six meeting-houses in this town. Near the town is an asylum for soldiers' orphans, on the plan of the asylum at Chelsea. A grammar-school, founded here in the reign of Edward VI., is in high repute. Among the principal charities are Thorner's alms-houses, for the relief of poor widows; and a charityschool, founded by Alderman Taunton, for educating and apprenticing poor boys, besides several of less consequence. At the bottom of Orchard Street, without the Bar-gate, is a spring of the nature of Tunbridge-Wells, used with effect for the same complaints.

The public rooms near the baths command a delightful prospect; the ball-room is spacious and handsomely decorated; the theatre capacious and commodious, and besides these, there are horse-races and other entertainments. The town has several well-furnished libraries, and three respectable banks. About half a mile from the Bar-gate stands the barrack, enclosing an area of two acres. On an eminence, at a small distance, is the polygon, an elegant pile of buildings, commanding extensive sea and land views. The inhabitants carry on a considerable trade with the northern parts of Europe, for timber, hemp, tallow, &c.; with Portugal for wine and fruit; and with Wales and Newcastle for iron, coals, lead, and glass. Southampton has likewise a good trade with Jersey and Guernsey, to which they send large quantities of wool, principally returned in knit hose. Ship building is carried on at the docks near the town.

According to its last charter of incorporation, granted by Charles I., Southampton is governed by a mayor, a recorder, nine justices, a sheriff, two bailiffs, twenty-four common councilmen, and as many burgesses. All who have passed the chair are aldermen. The town which was made a borough by Henry II., is as such independent of the lord lieutenant and sheriff of Hampshire. The mayor is admiral of the liberties from Southsea castle to Hurst castle, and halfsea over from Calshot to the Isle of Wight. Southampton sends two members to parliament. The first return was made in the 23d of Edward I. The