the continuance of wars, at liberty to use any trade or occupation they are fit for in any town in the kingdom (except the two universities), notwithstanding any statute, custom, or charter, to the contrary. And soldiers in actual military service may make nuncupative wills, and dispose of their goods, wages, and other personal chattels, without those forms, solemnities, and expenses, which the law requires in other cases.-Stats. 29 Car. II. c. 3; 5 W. 3, c. 21, § 6. See title WILLS.

By 46 Geo. III. c. 69, for making better provision for soldiers, it is declared that soldiers shall, in consequence of their service for a certain number of years, be entitled to such pensions as shall be fixed in the regulations ordered by his majesty, in force at the time of their enlistment. These pensions are under the management of the commissioners of Chelsea Hospital and are, under their direction, payable throughout the country by the receiver-general of the land-tax, &c. During war foreign soldiers have been occasionally admitted into the British service, and in such cases commissions have been allowed to be granted by his majesty to foreign officers. See the acts 45 Geo. III. c. 75; 46 Geo. III. c. 23.

By the annual mutiny acts no soldier shall be taken out of the service by any process, except it be for some criminal matter, or for a real debt amounting to £20, of which affidavit is to be made; and, if any soldier be otherwise arrested, one judge by a warrant under his hand and seal shall discharge him: but the plaintiff may file an appearance in an action of debt, upon notice thereof given, and proceed to judgment and execution, other than against the body of such soldier. Soldiers, while confined for debt, shall not receive pay.

The following statutes seem in force, though in a great measure, if not entirely, superseded by the provisions of the mutiny-act, and other acts before alluded to. The stat. 7 Hen. VII. c. 1, enacts, that if a captain shail not have the whole number of his soldiers, or not pay them their due wages within six days after he has received it, he shall forfeit all his goods and chattels, and suffer imprisonment. The stat. 3 Jac. 1. c. 4, § 18, ordains, that if any person goes beyond sea, to serve any foreign prince as a soldier, and he does not take the oath of allegiance before he goes, it is felony; and, if he is a gentleman or officer that is going to serve a foreign prince, he is to be bound with two sureties not to be reconciled to the see of Rome, &c., or it will be felony. And see stat. 9 Geo. 2, c. 30, repealed by 59 Geo. III. c. 69. By stat. 31 Car. II. c. 1, no soldier shall be quartered on any persons without their consent; and inhabitants of places may refuse to quarter any soldier, notwithstanding any order whatsoever.

SOLE, n. s. & v. a. Lat. solum; Ital. suola. The foot itself; the bottom of the foot; the bottom of any thing: a kind of fish: to furnish with soles.

To redeem thy woeful parent's head From tyrant's rage and ever-dying dread, Hast wandered through the world now long a day, Yet ceasest not thy weary soles to lead. Faerie Quesne. VOL. XX.

I will only be bold with Benedict for his company; for from the crown of his head to the sole of his foot he is all mirth.

Shakspeare. Much Ado About Nothing. Nay, gentle Romeo, we must have you dance. With nimble soles. -Not I, believe me : you have dancing shoes, Shakspeare. Tickling is most in the soles of the feet: the cause is, the rareness of being touched there. Bacon's Natural History. Of flat fish, rays, thornbacks, soles, and flowks. Such resting found the sole of unblest feet.

Carew. Milton.

In the make of the camel's foot, the sole is flat and broad, being very fleshy, and covered only with a thick, soft, and somewhat callous skin, fit to travel in sandy places. Ray.

Elm is proper for mills, soles of wheels, and pipes. Mortimer. The strike-block is a plane shorter than the jointer, having its sole made exactly flat and straight, and is used for the shooting of a short joint.

Moxon's Mechanical Exercises. His feet were soled with a treble tuft of a close short tawny down. Grew's Museum.

The caliga was a military shoe, with a very thick sole, tied above the instep with leather thongs.

Arbuthnot on Coins.

SOLE, adj. Old. Fr. sol; Lat. solus. SinSOLELY, adv. gle; only: the adverb corresponding.

Take not upon thee to be judge alone: there is no sole judge but only one: say not to others, Receive my sentence, when their authority is above mine. Hooker.

Left solely heir to all his lands.

Shakspeare. Taming of the Shrew. Orpheus every where expressed the infinite and sole power of one God, though he used the name of Jupiter. Raleigh.

To me shall be the glory sole among The' infernal powers.

Milton's Paradise Lost. I, when no other durst, sole undertook The dismal expedition to find out And ruined Adam, and the exploit performed Successfully.

Milton.

That the intemperate heat of the clime solely occasions this complexion, experience admits not.

Browne's Vulgar Errours.

A rattling tempest through the branches went, That stripped them bare, and one sole way they rent.

Dryden.

Let sea, and air, and earth, and heaven be made;
He, sole in power, at the beginning said,
And it was so: and, when he shall ordain
In other sort, has but to speak again,
And they shall be no more.

Prior.

Some others are such as a man cannot make his wife, though he himself be sole and unmarried.

Ayliffe. This truth is pointed chiefly, if not solely, upon sinners of the first rate, who have cast off all regard for piety. Atterbury.

They all chose rather to rest the cause solely on logical disputation, than upon the testimonies of the

ancients.

Waterland.

Our senses, our appetites, and our passions, are our lawful and faithful guides, in most things that relate solely to this life; and, therefore, by the hourly necessity of consulting them, we gradually sink into an implicit submission, and habitual confidence. Johnson.

SOLE, in ichthyology. See PLEURONECTES. SOLE, in the manege, a sort of horn under a 2Q

approbation both of this and the national covenant by a solemn oath; and in August of the same year made a farther declaration at Dunfermline to the same purpose, which was also renewed on occasion of his coronation at Scone in 1651. The covenant was ratified by parliament in this year, and the subscription of it required by every member, without which the constitution of the parliament was declared null and void. It produced a series of distractions in the subsequent history of that country, and was voted illegal by parliament, and provision made against it. Stat. 14. Car. II. c. 4.

SOLEN, in zoology, the spout-fish, razorsheath, or knife-handle shell; a genus belonging to the class of vermes, and order of testacea. The animal is an ascidia. The shell is bivalve, oblong, and opening at both sides: the hinge has a tooth shaped like an awl, bent back, often double, not inserted into the opposite shell; the rim at the sides somewhat worn away, and has a horny cartilaginous hinge. There are twentythree species. Of these, three, viz.

1. S. ensis, 2. S. siliqua, 3. S. vagina, are found on the British coasts, and lurk in the sand near the low-water mark in a perpendicular direction. When in want of food they elevate one end a little above the surface, and protrude their bodies far out of the shell. On the approach of danger they dart deep into the sand, sometimes two feet. Their place is known by a small dimple on the surface. Sometimes they are dug out with a shovel; at other times they are taken by striking a barbed dart suddenly into them. When the sea is down, these fish usually run deep into the sand; and, to bring them up, the common custom is to throw a little salt into the holes, on which the fish raises itself, and in a few minutes appears at the mouth of its hole. When half the shell is discovered, the fisherman has nothing more to do than to take hold of it with his fingers, and draw it out; but he must be cautious not to lose the occasion, for the creature does not continue a moment in that state; and if by any means the fisherman has touched it, and let it slip away, it is gone for ever; for it will not be decoyed again out of its hole by salt; so that there is then no way of getting it but by digging under it, and throwing it up with the sand. The fish has two pipes, each composed of four or five rings or portions of a hollow cylinder, of unequal lengths, joined one to another; and the places where they join are marked by a number of fine streaks or rays. Now the reason why the salt makes these creatures come up out of their holes is, that it gives them violent pain, and even corrodes these pipes. This is somewhat strange, as the creature is nourished by means of salt water; but it is very evident that if a little salt be strewed upon these pipes, in a fish taken out of its habitation, it will corrode the joinings of the rings, and often make one or more joints drop off: the creature, to avoid this mischief, arises out of its hole and throws off the salt, and then retires back again. The use of these pipes to the animal is the same with that of many other pipes of a like kind in other shellfish; they all serve to take in water; they are only a continuation of the outer membrane of

the fish, and serve indifferently for taking in and throwing out the water, one receiving, and the other discharging it, and either answering equally well to their purpose. See MOTION. This fish was used as food by the ancients; and Athenæus, from Sophron, speaks of it as a great delicacy, and particularly grateful to widows. It is often used as food at present, and is brought up to table fried with eggs.

SOLEURE, a canton of Switzerland, lying chiefly between the river Aar and the Jura mountains. Its shape is irregular, and its extent about 275 square miles; the Jura mountains here rise to the height of 3000 or 4000 feet above the level of the sea. The rest of the canton is level and fertile. The inhabitants well understand the art of irrigating, and their cattle are reckoned the best in Switzerland. The manufactures embrace, on a small scale, the spinning and weaving of woollen, linen, and cotton. The only places deserving the name of towns are Soleure and Olten. In religion this canton is almost wholly Catholic. The constitution is aristocratic; the criminal code nearly the same as in France; but great part of the decisions are regulated by local usages. Population 50,000.

SOLEURE, or SOLOTHURN, the capital of the above canton, stands at the foot of Mount Jura, on both sides of the Aar. It is fortified with walls and bastions, and, though built in bad taste, has several good edifices, such as the hotel de ville, the mint, the public library, Jesuits' church, and that of St. Urse, considered one of the best churches in Switzerland. Several Roman antiquities have also been found here. The trade of the place is limited; and consists partly in the manufacture of cotton and stuffs, and partly in the transit business between Bale and Italy. The environs are pleasant. Population 4200. Eighteen miles north by east of Bern, and twenty-six south of Bale.

SOLFAING, in music, the naming or pronouncing the several notes of a song by the syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, &c., in learning to sing it. Of the seven notes in the French scale ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, only four are used among us in singing, as mi, fa, sol, la; their office is principally in singing, that by applying them to every note of the scale, it may not only be pronounced with more ease, but chiefly that by them the tones and semitones of the natural scale may be better marked out and distinguished. This design is obtained by four syllables fa, sol, la, mi. Thus from fu to sol is a tone, also from sol to la, and from la to mi, without distinguishing the greater or less tone; but from la to fa, also from mi to fa, is only a semitone. If then these be applied in this order, fa, sol, la, fa, sol, la, mi, fa, &c., they express the natural series from C; and, if that be repeated to a second or third octave, we see by them how to express all the different orders of tones and semitones in the diatonic scale; and still above mi will stand fa, sol, lu, and below it the same inverted la, sol, fa, and one mi is always distant from another an octave; which cannot be said of any of the rest, because after mi ascending come always fa, sol, la, which are repeated invertedly descending. The first thing in learning to sing is to make one raise

cano now extinct. The mountains around are of a crescent form. The soil is warm and white, and, if opened to some depth, is insupportable from the heat. The ground being in many parts hollow, it is supposed that there may be a subterraneous communication with Vesuvius. It furnishes sulphur, vitriol, and alum.

a scale of notes by tones and semitones to an octave, and descend again by the same; and then to rise and fall by greater intervals at a leap, as thirds and fourths, &c., and to do all this by beginning at notes of different pitch. Then those notes are represented by lines and spaces, to which these syllables are applied, and the learners taught to name each line and space thereby, which makes what we call solfaing; the use whereof is, that while they are learning to tune the degrees and intervals of sound expressed by notes on a line or space, or learning a song to which no words are applied, they may not only do it the better by means of articulate sounds, but chiefly that by knowing the degrees and intervals expressed by those syllables, they may more readily know the places of the semitones, and the true distance of the notes. See SINGING. Though this system was not fully developed in the writings of Guido, to whom the invention of the gammut and harmonical hand has been commonly ascribed; yet Dr. Burney observes that writers very near the period in which he lived give him the honor of its discovery; and particularly Sigebert, a monk of Gemblours, in the diocese of Namur, in Brabant, in his Chronicle under the year 1028. Cotton also, who lived about a century after Guido, says that solmisation by the six syllables, ut, re, mi, fa, &c., was practised by the English, French, and Germans; but the Italians, he adds, made use of other syllables; and by a passage from the Chronicle of Tours, under the year 1033, cited by Carpentier, in his Supplement to the Latin Glossary of DuCange, article Gamma, Guido is put in full possession of the scale and solmisation. About the end of the seventeenth century, the additional syllable si was universally received in France for the seventh of the key of C. The earliest English writer, mentioned by Dr. Burney, who takes notice of the omission of ut and re in solmisation, is Mr. Charles Butler, in his Principles of Music, published in 1636, and after his time the ut and re were rejected by all the English singing-masters; Dr. Holder, Dr. Wallis, and every writer on music in this kingdom, were unanimous in excommunicating these two syllables till Dr. Pepusch endeavoured, not unsuccessfully, to have them restored.

SOLFATARA, or Lago di Bagni, a small lake in the Campagna di Roma, Italy, near Tivoli, formerly the Lacus Albulus. It is remarkable for containing several floating islets, formed of matted sedge and herbage, with a soil of dust and sand blown from the adjacent country, and cemented by the bitumen and sulphur of the water. Some of these islets are fifteen yards long, and will bear five or six people, who, by means of a pole, move to different parts of the lake. From the water issues a whitish stream, which emits a sulphureous vapor, until it reaches the small river Teverone. The water of this rivulet has a petrifying quality, which seems to increase in strength the farther it has flowed from the lake. Fish are found in the Teverone, till it receives the waters of the lake.

SOLFATARA, a mountain in the Terra di Lavoro, Naples. It has a kind of cavity, about a mile in diameter, the crater, doubtless, of a vol

SOLI, or SOLOE, in ancient geography, a town of Cyprus built on the borders of the Clarius, by a colony from Athens. It was first called Epeia, till Solon visited the island, and advised its prince Philocyprus to change the situation of his capital. Accordingly a new town was built, in a fine plain, and named Soli or Soloe, after Solon.-Strabo, 14. Plut.

SOLI, or SOLOE, a town of Silesia, on the sea coast, built by a colony of Greeks and Rhodians; afterwards called Pompeiopolis, from Pompey the Great, who settled a colony of pirates in it. -Plin. v. 27.

SOLI, the inhabitants of both the above towns, one or other, or both of whom, forgetting the purity of their original language, gave rise to the term Solecism.

SOLICIT, v. a. า SOLICITATION, n. s. SOLICITOR, SOLICITOUS, adj. SOLICITOUSLY, adv. SOLICITUDE, n. s. SOLI CITRESS.

Lat. solicito. To im| portune; entreat; excite; awake to action; disturb (a Latinism): solicitation is the act of soliciting: solicitor, he who petitions (strictly) for another: hence the legal attorney of the court of Chancery, the adjective and two noun substantives following correspond with the verb.

With that she wept again; till he again soliciting the conclusion of her story, Then must you, said she, know the story of Amphialus? Sidney.

We heartily solicit

Your gracious self to take on you the charge And kingly government of this your land. Shakspeare. Richard III.

This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good.

Be merry, Cassio;

Id. Macbeth.

For thy solicitor shall rather die

Than give thy cause away. Id. Othello. In this, by comparison, we behold the many cares and great labours of worldly men, their solicitude, and outward shews, and publick ostentation, their pride and vanities. Raleigh.

For the king's attorney and solicitor general, their continual use for the king's service requires men every way fit.

Bacon.

He would surely have as solicitously promoted their Decay of Piety. learning as ever he obstructed it. Our hearts are pure, when we are not solicitous of the opinion and censures of men, but only that we do our duty. Taylor.

Enjoy the present, whatsoever it be, and be not solicitous for the future. Taylor's Holy Living.

The colonel had been intent upon other things, and not enough solicitous to finish the fortifications.

I can produce a man

Of female seed, far abler to resist
All his solicitations, and at length

All his vast force, and drive him back to hell. Id.

Without sign of boast, or sign of joy,
Solicitous and blank, he thus began.

Id. Paradise Regained.

The medical art being conversant about the health and life of man, doctrinal errours in it are to be solicitously avoided.

Boyle. If they would but provide for eternity with the same solicitude, and real care, as they do for this life, they could not fail of heaven.

Tillotson. The guardian of my faith so false did prove, As to solicit me with lawless love.

Dryden's Aurung. You have not only been careful of my fortune, the effect of your nobleness; but you have been solicitous of my reputation, which is that of your kindness.

Dryden.

SOLICITOR GENERAL, a great officer of the law, next to the attorney general, who holds his office by patent during the king's pleasure, has the care and concern for managing the king's affairs, and has fees for pleading, besides other fees arising by patents, &c. He attends on the privy council; and the attorney general and he were anciently reckoned among the officers of the exchequer; they have their audience, and

come within the bar in all other courts. SOLID, adj. &,n.s. Fr. solide; Lat. solidus. SOLID'ITY, n. s. Substantial; not liquid SOLIDLY, adv. or fluid; strong; firm: SOLIDNESS,, n. s. hence real; not weak or imaginary: the derivatives all corresponding.

With solid, as the lake with liquid fire. Milton. These, wanting wit, affect gravity, and go by the name of solid men; and a solid man is, in plain English, a solid solemn fool. Dryden.

That which hinders the approach of two bodies, when they are moving one towards another, I call solidity. Locke.

I look upon this as a sufficient ground for any rational man to take up his religion upon, and which I defy the subtlest atheist in the world solidly to South. answer; namely, that it is good to be sure.

The duke's new palace is a noble pile, built after this manner, which makes it look very solid and maAddison. jestick.

The most known rules are placed in so beautiful a light that they have all the graces of novelty; and make the reader, who was before acquainted with them, still more convinced of their truth and solidity. Id. Spectator.

have been convinced by the solidity of his reasoning. His fellow-peers have attended to his eloquence, and

Prior.

This pretence has a great deal more of art than of solidity in it.

Waterland.

If persons devote themselves to science, they should be well assured of a solid and strong constitution of body to bear the fatigue. Watts on the Mind.

A SOLID, in philosophy, is a body whose parts are so firmly connected together, as not easily to give way or slip from each other; in which sense solid stands opposed to fluid. Geometricians define a solid to be the third species of magnitude, or that which has three dimensions, viz. length, breadth, and thickness or depth. Solids are commonly divided into regular and irregular. The regular solids are those terminated by regular and equal planes, and are only five; viz, the tetrahedron which consists of four equal triangles; the cube or hexahedron, of six equal squares; the octahedron, of eight equal triangles; the dodecahedron, of twelve; and the icosahedron, of twenty equal triangles. The irregular solids are almost infinite, comprehending all

such as do not come under the definition of re

gular solids; as the sphere, cylinder, cone, parallelogram, prism, parellelopiped, &c.

A SOLID ANGLE is that formed by three or angle of a die, or the point of a diamond well more plane angles meeting in a point; like an cut. Or more generally it may be defined the angular space included between several plane surfaces, or one or more curved surfaces, meeting in the point which forms the summit of the angle.

Solid angles bear just the same relation to the surfaces which comprise them as plane angles