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of an equestrian Roman family, which had emigrated with the colony from Rome. He married Helvia, a Spanish lady, by whom he had three sons, Annæus Novatus, Lucius, the philosopher, and Annæus Mela, the father of the poet Lucan. He came to Rome with his family, where he became so eminent as an orator that he was styled declamator, or the rhetorician. He published a collection from the most celebrated orators of that age; part of which is extant, and printed under the title of Suasoriæ et Controversiæ; cum Declamationum excerptis.

era.

SENECA (Lucius Annæus), a celebrated Stoic philosopher, the second son of Marcus, born at Corduba, about the beginning of the Christian He was removed to Rome in his infancy, where he was educated in the most liberal manner, under the best masters. He learned eloquence from his father; but, his genius rather leading him to philosophy, he put himself under the Stoics Attalus, Sotion, and Papirius Fabianus; three celebrated philosophers, of whom he has made honorable mention in his writings. He also travelled when he was young, as in his Quæstiones Naturales he makes very exact and curious observations upon Egypt and the Nile. But this, though agreeable to his own humor, did not at all correspond with that plan of life which his father had intended for him; who therefore forced him to the bar, and the solicitation of public employments; so that he afterwards became quæstor, prætor, and, as Lipsius says, even consul. In the first year of the reign of Claudius, when Julia, the daughter of Germanicus, was accused of adultery by Messalina, and banished, Seneca was banished too, being charged as one of the adulterers. Corsica was the seat of his exile, where he lived eight years, happy in the midst of those things which usually make other people miserable;' and where he wrote his books of consolation, addressed to his mother Helvia, and to his friend Polybius, and perhaps some of those tragedies which go under his name; for he says, ' modo se levioribus studiis ibi oblectasse.' Agrippina being married to Claudius, upon the death of Messalina, she prevailed with the emperor to recal Seneca from banishment; and afterwards procured him to be tutor to her son Nero, whom she designed for the empire. Afranius Burrhus, a prætorian præfect, was joined with him in this important charge; and these two preceptors, who were entrusted with equal authority, had each his respective department. By the bounty and generosity of his imperial pupil, Seneca acquired that prodigious wealth which rendered him in a manner equal to kings. His houses and walks were the most magnificent in Rome. His villas were innumerable; and he had immense sums of money placed out at interest in almost every part of the world. The historian Dio reports him to have had £250,000 sterling at interest in Britain alone; and reckons his calling it in all at a sum as one of the causes of a war with that nation. All this wealth, however, together with the luxury and effeminacy of a court, does not appear to have had any ill effect upon the temper and disposition of Seneca. He continued abstemious, exact in his manners, and, above all, free

from the vices so commonly prevalent in such places, flattery and ambition. I had rather,' said he to Nero, offend you by speaking the truth, than please you by lying and flattery; maluerim veris offendere, quam placere adulando.' How well he acquitted himself, in quality of preceptor to his prince, may be known from the first five years of Nero's reign, which have always been considered as a perfect pattern of good government; and, if that emperor had but been as observant of his master through the whole course of it as he was at the beginning, he would have been the delight, and not, as he afterwards proved, the curse and detestation of mankind. But when Poppea and Tigellinus had got the command of his humor, and hurried him into the most extravagant and abominable vices, he soon grew weary of his master, whose life must indeed have been a constant rebuke to him. Seneca, perceiving that his favor declined at court, and that he had many accusers about the prince, who were perpetually whispering in his ear the great riches of Seneca, his magnificent houses and fine gardens, and what a favorite he was grown with the people, made an offer of them all to Nero. Nero refused to accept them; which, however, did not hinder Seneca from changing his way of life; for, as Tacitus relates, he kept no more levees, declined the usual civilities which had been paid to him, and under a pretence of indisposition, or some engagement or other, avoided as much as possible appearing in public.' Nero, in the mean time, who had despatched Burrhus by poison, could not be easy till he had rid himself of Seneca also; for Burrhus was the manager of his military concerns, and Seneca conducted his civil affairs. Accordingly he attempted, by means of Cleonicus, a freedman of Seneca, to take him off by poison; but, this not succeeding, he ordered him to be put to death, upon an information that he was privy to Piso's conspiracy against his person. Not that he had any real proof of Seneca's being concerned in this plot, but only that he was glad of any pretence for destroying him. He left Seneca, however, at liberty to choose his manner of dying; who caused his veins to be opened immediately. His wife Paulina, who was very young in comparison of himself, had yet the resolution and affection to bear him company, and thereupon ordered her veins to be opened at the same time; but Nero gave orders to have her death prevented; upon which her wounds were bound up, and the blood stopped, just in time to save her; though, as Tacitus says, she looked miserably pale and wan all her life after. In the mean time Seneca, finding his death slow and lingering, desired Statius Annæus, his physician, to give him a dose of poison; but, this not having its usual effect, he was carried to a hot bath, where he was at length stifled with the steams. He died, as Lipsius thinks, in the sixty-third or sixty-fourth year of his age, and in about the tenth or eleventh of Nero's reign. Tacitus, on mentioning his death, observes, that, as he entered the bath, he took of the water, and with it sprinkled some of his nearest domestics, saying, "That he offered those libations to Jupiter the deliverer.' These words are an evident proof that Seneca was not a Christian,

as some have imagined him to have been; and that the thirteen epistles from Seneca to St. Paul, and from St. Paul to Seneca, are supposititious pieces. His philosophical works are well known. They consist of 124 epistles and distinct treatises; and, except his books of physical questions, are chiefly of the moral kind, treating of anger, consolation, providence, tranquillity of mind, constancy, clemency, the shortness of life, a happy life, retirement, benefits. He has been justly censured, by Quintilian and other critics, as one of the first corrupters of the Roman style; but his works are highly valuable, on account of the vast erudition which they discover, and the beautiful moral sentiments which they contain.

SENECA, a county of the United States, westward of Albany, erected from Cayuga county, in 1804. It is bounded by Cayuga county north, east by Cayuga county and lake, south by Tompkins county, and west by Seneca lake. The surface of this county is either quite level, or gently undulated with hill and dale; though Hector and Ulysses, the two southern townships, are considerably hilly. The soil is principally a calcareous loam, or a well mixed vegetable mould, and in general will suit both grain and grass. Chief towns Waterloo and

Ovid.

SENECA, a river of New York, which rises in the former country of the Seneca Indians, runs east and receives the waters of the Seneca and Cayuga lakes; and afterwards falls into the Onondago, at Three Rivers, fourteen miles above the falls.

SENECA, GUM, properly Senegal gum. See SENEGAL. The consumption of this article in our manufactories is so considerable as to make it an object to find any kind of substitute that is cheaper and that will answer the purpose. In the Repertory, vol. iii., we find the following patent receipt for making a gum, which the inventor recommends under the name of the Britannic Elastic Gum,' and which, among a variety of less important uses, is said to be suitable for painting, pencilling, and staining silks, calicoes, &c., and in dressing of silk, linen, and cotton, in the loom.' The receipt is, linseed, or nut-oil, one gallon; bees' wax, one pound; glue or size, six pounds; verdigris, four ounces; and the same of litharge. These he directs to be put into an iron kettle with two quarts of water, and the whole melted down together. Another invention is described in the same work, professedly as a substitute for gum, in thickening colors for printing.' The patent was granted to Blakie of Glasgow, in 1788, and he describes his invention in the following words: The gum substitute, to thicken colors for calico-printing, and making up or furnishing printers' color-tubs, and which may also be applied to several other uses, is prepared by boiling any quantity of flaxseed in a sufficient quantity of water, until the whole substance be extracted thereby; and, having strained it through a linen or woollen cloth, again boil down the liquor to the consistence of a jelly. Put it into a close vessel, and, for preservation, put in a little strong spirits, or pour a little sweet-oil on the top of it; bitters may also be used to preserve it. In using the substitute,

the printer may either put a certain quantity into a gallon of color, according to the nature of it, and the particular kind of work to be done, and regulate himself by trial, as is common in using gum; or reduce the substitute, by boiling in water to the consistence wanted.'

SENECAI, or SENECE (Anthony Bauderon de), a French poet, born at Maçon, in 1645, was great-grandson of Brice Bauderon, a physician, famed for his Pharmacopoeia. He purchased the place of first valet-de-chambre to queen Mary Theresa, wife to Louis XIV. He wrote many novels, satires, and epigrams; but was most famed for his poem, entitled Les Travaux d'Apollon, which is highly praised by Rousseau. He died in 1737.

SENECIO (Sossius), a learned Roman, the intimate friend of Plutarch. He was four times consul. See PLUTARCH.

SENECIO, groundsel, in botany, a genus belonging to the class of syngenesia, and to the order of polygamia superflua; natural order forty-ninth, composite. The receptacle is naked; the pappus simple: CAL. cylindrical and calyculated. The scales are equal and contiguous, so as to seem entire; those at the base are few, and have their apices or points decayed. There are fifty-seven species. Of these seven are British, viz.:-1. S. crucifolius, hoary perennial ragwort; the corollæ are radiant; the leaves are pinnatifid, dentated, and downy beneath; the stem is erect, and two feet high; the flowers are yellow, and grow in clusters. It is frequent in woods and hedges. 2. S. jacobæus, common ragwort; the corollæ are radiant; the leaves pinnated and lyre-shaped, and of a dark-green color; the stalk is erect, round, and generally purplish; the flowers grow in clusters on the tops of the stalks. The leaves have a bitterish subacrid taste, and extremely nauseous. Simon Paulli says that a decoction of them cured many soldiers of an epidemic dysentery. 3. S. paludosus, marsh ragwort; the corolla are radiant; the leaves sword-shaped, acutely serrated, and somewhat downy underneath; the stem is erect, branched towards the top, and four or five feet high; the flowers are large and yellow. It is frequent in fens and ditches in England. 4. S. saracenicus, or sarrasin, broad-leaved ragwort; the corolla are radiant; the leaves are lanceolated, serrated, and somewhat smooth; the stem is erect, simple, and four or five feet high; there are several flowers on each foot-stalk, which are yellow, and grow in clusters on the top. It grows in moist pastures in England; and flowers in July or August. 5. S. sylvaticus, or mountain groundsel, has its corollæ revolute, its leaves pinnatifid and dentated, the stem comrybus and erect. It flowers in July, and is frequent in woods and heaths. 6. S. viscosus, or cotton groundsel, has its corollæ revolute, its leaves pinnatifid, viscid, and downy. The scales of the calyx are lax and hairy, and are of the same length with the perianthium. 7. S. vulgaris, the common groundsel, has its corollæ naked; its leaves sessile, smooth, and sinuated; their segments short, broad, and minutely serrated; the flowers are yellow, and without radii. It grows in cultivated ground every where, and flowers in May.

Its leaves have been used in medicine externally as a vulnerary and refrigerant, and internally as a mild emetic; but they have little efficacy.

SENEGAL, a remarkable river of Africa, one of the principal which falls into the sea on its western coast. In early maps of Africa it was laid down as identical with the Niger, and delineated as coming from the most distant regions of the interior. The French, however, having fixed their head settlement at St. Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal, in the beginning of the last century, penetrated up the river as far as Gallam, where they established a fort. Tombuctoo, early celebrated as the centre of African wealth, being situated on the Niger, anxious enquiries were made as to the means of penetrating to that city by the Senegal. It was found, however, that about sixty miles above Gallam the country assumed a mountainous aspect, and the rocks intersected the river in such a manner as to render it impossible for barks to ascend. This was called the cataract of Felu; and about forty leagues higher were the falls of Govinea, which have not been carefully examined, but have been reported as very formidable. These obstacles served to account for the tact, which was soon ascertained, that there was no instance of a vessel sailing between Tombuctoo and Gallam. Still it was conceived that, by transporting goods from the rock of Felu to beyond that of Givonea, the benefit of the navigation of the supposed Niger might be obtained.. In endeavouring, however, to trace the higher part of its course, the parties sent were perplexed by various and contradictory reports. According to some the Niger, after passing Tombuctoo, continued to flow westward, till it discharged itself into the Atlantic: others asserted that the river passing Tombuctoo flowed eastward, and had no communication with the Senegal. These last statements appeared so well attested that the learned French geographers, Delisle and D'Anville, hesitated not, in the course of the century, to make an essential change in the geography of this part of Africa, describing the Senegal as a completely distinct river from the Niger. They derived it erroneously, however, from the lake Maberia, which appears to be the same described by Mr. Park, under the name of Dibbe. At this time the persons best acquainted with the French settlement on the Senegal continued to cherish the old ideas, and to hope for a navigable intercourse with Tombuctoo.

The journey of Park, however, clearly ascertained the distinction between the two rivers and the eastward course of the Niger, to which a portion of what even Delisle and D'Anville had assigned to the Senegal belonged. He learned moreover the source of the Senegal, in the great range of mountains which traverses Manding and Jallonkadoo; from the other side of which the Niger takes its rise. Hence indeed descend a succession of rivers, the principal of which, called the Ba Fing, or Black River, is considered as the principal branch of the Senegal. Its source may be fixed pretty nearly in 7° 0' W. long. and 11° 50′ N. lat. The Faleme, and the Ba Lee, or Kokoro, are also great streams, which joining

the Senegal, in Gallam, render it a river of the first magnitude. The whole of the early course of this river, and its tributaries, is through a country diversified by rugged and precipitous hills, and intersected by numerous streams, the sands of which, being impregnated with gold dust, afford a considerable source of wealth. The gold is extricated by women, by the mere process of agitation. Having passed Gallam, the Senegal rolls over a level plain, through Foota Torra, the states of the Siratik, and the country of the Foulahs: after passing Podor, about sixty leagues from its mouth, the level is' so complete that Adamson does not conceive i to descend more than two feet and a half. river in this part is bordered with vast woods, filled with numberless species of birds, and all the different kinds of monkeys and parrots in particular. Crocodiles, and other species of amphibia, also abound here, where finally the Senegal separates into branches, which form several large islands. The entrance is obstructed by a formidable bar, or ridge of sand, stretching across it at a little distance under water. It is in lat. 16° 5' N.

The

There are two principal channels used by vessels, named the great and little passes. The former, though its breadth and direction often vary, is usually 100 fathoms wide, and from nine to thirteen feet deep, but, on account of the swell on it, vessels of eight feet only can pass it with safety, and even the smallest craft requires a pilot, who visits the pass every day; its length is about a mile and a half, and when within it the water becomes perfectly smooth, and the depth increases to four and six fathoms. The little pass is only fit for canoes. The most favorable time for entering the river is from April to June, when the winds blow from the south, and, the water being low, there is little current setting out. The most dangerous time is from September to December, when strong easterly winds and a rapid current cause a heavy surf to break quite across the bar. The river is navigable at all seasons for small vessels to Podor, sixty leagues from the bar, and in the rainy season for vessels of 150 tons to Galam, 200 leagues farther. From the bar the direction of the river is to the north; the western, or right bank, which separates it from the sea, being a narrow strip of sand, only 100 fathoms broad, and devoid of all vegetation. Its extremity is named Barbary Point, from which the bar stretches across to the main.

Four leagues above the bar is the isle St. Louis, the principal establishment of the French in Senegal. It is about a mile and a half long, and no where more than 300 yards broad; it is flat, and without other vegetation than mangroves at the northern extremity, some scattered palms, and some kitchen vegetables raised in gardens. It has no fresh water, and, that of the river being brackish from December to July, during this period the inhabitants are obliged either to send boats for the necessary supply above the reach of the tide, or to content themselves with what they can procure from holes dug in the sand on the shores of the island, but which loses little of its salt. The establishment of St. Louis consists

of a fort, an hospital, a church, about twenty brick houses, and the huts of the negroes. The fort is of an irregular form, consisting of walls of brick, with four round towers and some bastions; the magazines are within the fort. On the west side of the island is a battery of fourteen twenty-four pounders, which commands the strip of sand that separates the river from the sea; another battery of sixteen heavy guns on the south point of the island; a third on the north point of five guns; and a fourth a little north of the town of six eighteen pounders. The population of the island in 1801 was 10,000 persons, of whom 300 only were whites and free people of color, the remainder being slaves. The garrison in time of war ought to consist of 600 Europeans, and of 400 in peace; but these numbers were never complete.

of a secure situation, began to flourish. The present streets are said to be well arranged.

The chief branch of the commerce of this settlement consists in procuring the gum known by the name of gum Senegal. It has been ascertained, by experiment, that this is much superior to all the eastern kinds, and even to that of Arabia; that it is both more mucilaginous and gummy; that in some arts and trades no other gum can be used as a substitute; in short the use of it has become general within the last half century, it is now sought after with avidity. The acacia forests, from which this substance exudes, are in the track of desert extending northwards from the Senegal, and in the possession of three tribes of Moors, called Trarshaz, Braknaz, and Darmanko, who occupy about seven oases or verdant spots, in that vast tract Twenty-five leagues from St. Louis, ascending bounded on the south by the Senegal, on the the Senegal, is L'Escale de Desert, on the right west by the Atlantic, and on the east and north, bank, a considerable trading place for gum. A which extends indefinitely into the expanse of little higher up on the opposite bank is a creek, the Sehara. The three great gum forests are or natural canal, called Portuguese River, which called Sahel, Al Fatack, and El Hiebar. The communicates with a lake called Panier Foulah, former, producing the white gum, held in highest into which the waters of the Senegal rush with estimation, is in the possession of the Trarshaz; great rapidity in the rainy season. Sixty leagues the forest of Al Fatack belongs to the Braknaz, above St. Louis is the fort of Podor on the left and that of El Hiebar to the Darmanko. These bank, and on the opposite bank below Podor two last produce the red gum. 'The gum tree the establishment Du Coq, and above it the set- of the Senegal is in general not more than eightlement named Terrier Rouge; 255 leagues above teen or twenty feet high, and its circumference St. Louis on the left bank is Galam, to which seldom exceeds three feet. On the banks of the the free people of color of St. Louis and Goree river, the trees have been observed from twentymake an annual voyage on the river, to purchase five to twenty-eight feet high; but there the soil slaves. The boats, to the number of about forty, is covered with a stratum of vegetable earth, and leave St. Louis in July, and do not arrive at the trees are also few in number. In general, Galam before October. A fair is held here the too, the gum tree of the desert is crooked, and first fifteen days of November, where are ex- has a rough and irregular appearance; such an changed European goods for gold dust, ivory, appearance is common to all the productions of bullocks' hides, slaves, rice, millet, and maize, this tract, which are, as it were, stunted, so that the latter for the provisioning of Goree and St. the plants appear rather like bushes than shrubs. Louis. When the waters of the river begin to The aridity of the soil, and the severity of the fall the boats descend, and arrive at St. Louis in winds, are probably the causes of this imperfect fifteen days. Besides the tedious ascent of the growth. The leaves of these trees are alternate, river, and the unhealthiness at this season, which of a dry and dirty green; the branches are is almost certain destruction to Europeans, the thorny at the points where the leaves project, merchants are laid under heavy contributions by the blossoms are white and very short, the bark the chiefs on the banks. The journey to Galam is smooth, and of dark green. The period when by land, it is said, may be made in twenty-five the trees begin to give out their gum is about days with ease, during eight months of the year; the 10th of November, when the great periodical but the most favorable season is in April, when rains have newly ceased. No artificial incision the strong north winds moderate the heat. is necessary; for, as soon as the harmattan or hot wind of the desert begins to blow, the drying process is so powerful that the bark cracks in numberless places. The gum then issues out in various forms, but chiefly in drops about the size of a partridge's egg. The tenacity of the substance, however, is such as to prevent the drops from falling to the ground, when they would be in danger of being buried in the sand. They remain attached to the bark, near the spot whence they issued; they are always transparent and brilliant at the part where they are broken off, and, when they have been kept a few moments in the mouth, have all the clearness, limpidity, and transparency of the finest rock crystal. About the beginning of December the Moors of the three tribes quit their residences in the desert, where they leave only the aged, decrepid, and infants, with a few who are ne

Under the reign of Louis XIV. the energies of France began first to be directed towards colonies and commerce. When, in 1637, Jannequin undertook his voyage to the Senegal, he found no settlement by any European nation, and his party were obliged to erect temporary habitations at the village of Biyurt, on the left bank of the river. In 1664 the first West India company, being established at Dieppe, directed its operations towards this part of Africa: but it was soon involved in bankruptcy; and several similar companies, which followed in succession, were equally unfortunate. Each, however, at their commencement, made vigorous exertions to promote the trade, of which they had obtained the monopoly; so that the settlement soon acquired prosperity; and St. Louis, the capital of the new settlers, having the great advantage

-cessary to tend the cattle; all the rest set out in a confused and tumultuous crowd, the kings, princes, and rich men, riding on horses and camels, while the poor march on foot. In twelve days, or a fortnight, each tribe reaches the forest which belongs to it, and on the borders of which it forms an encampment. The harvest continues about six weeks, when the gum, being collected in heaps, is placed on the backs of camels and oxen, for the purpose of being transported to the banks of the Senegal. The camel generally carries from 4 cwt. to 5 cwt.; the ox about 150 lbs.; and the gum is contained in immense leathern sacks, made of tanned ox hides. The great gum fair is at a spot on the northern bank of the Senegal, about mid-way between Podor and Fort St. Louis. There is not in the world a more barren and desolate spot; it is merely an immense plain, formed of white and moving sands; not a herb, plant, or shrub, varies the uniformity of this immense solitude. It does not even afford a drop of potable water, which must be brought from the river, or from the neighbourhood. Hither, at the usual time, the French merchants repair, to wait the arrival of the Moors. On the morning of their approach, there may be heard, even at a great distance, the confused noise of their armies in motion; and, towards noon, this vast and solitary plain appears covered with a multitude of men, women, camels, oxen, and goats, all enveloped in clouds of dust. Some of these animals carry the tents and baggage; on others are placed the women, who may be seen in the act of suckling their children. The kings and chiefs are mounted on beautiful horses, while their wives appear seated on a few chosen camels, elegantly caparisoned, in a kind of baskets covered with an awning. A band of Moors, armed with muskets and lances, escort this ambulatory horde, and vainly attempt to preserve some appearance of order. The air resounds with the voices of men, women, children, and animals; and the living creatures who fill the plain appear truly innumerable. At length, when the whole of this barbarous assemblage is collected, the camps are fixed; a cannon is then fired as a signal for beginning the fair. In carrying on the treaty there is no artifice to which these Moors do not resort; no lies which they do not invent to obtain a higher price for their merchandise; address and threats are alternately employed; and the kings and chiefs invent a hundred lies to extract higher prices, and more considerable presents. The most ridiculous pretensions are every year renewed by these artful savages, who purposely raise innumerable difficulties in the course of the negociation. Europeans are driven almost distracted by the extreme slowness and apathy of the Moors, who incessantly defer the termination of the business. Between the years 1785 and 1787 the quantity of gum actually bought by the French amounted to 800,000 lbs., independently of 400,000 lbs. carried to Portendick, and sold to the English. It is purchased in kantars, which originally contained about 500 lbs.; but the French, that they might not be behind hand in cheating, gradually increased the size of the kantar, without any observation being made by the Moors, who are

entire strangers to this kind of geometry. The kantar thus amounts now to about 2000 lbs. It is paid almost exclusively in East India cotton cloths, dyed with indigo, called pieces of guinea; each of these is seven or eight ells long, and half an ell broad. Attempts have been made to make them receive cottons of French manufacture; but the Moors immediately distinguish, by the smell, the genuine productions of the East Indies, and will accept of no other. The standard price of the kantar is fifteen pieces of guinea; and as these may be averaged at 25 francs, the original price of the kantar will be 375 francs (15s. 74d.), which gives the pound of gum at nearly 3 sols, 6 deniers (not quite 2d.). The gum has sold in Europe at from 30 to 40 sols (15d. to 20d.); so that, after ample allowance for freight and charges, the profit must still be very great. The trade might admit of considerable extension, as there are two other forests at Guerouf and Gallam, farther up the Senegal, the gum from which might be procured at a cheaper rate, though with greater expense of transport.'Edinb. Gazetteer.

In 1786, besides gum, there were exported from the Senegal slaves to the number of 2200, valued at 2,640,000 livres; gold to the amount of 90,000 livres; ivory and miscellaneous articles to 130,000 livres. In the war of 1756 this settlement yielded to the victorious arms of Britain, and was ceded to this country at the peace of 1763. The French, however, retook it in 1779, and retained it at the peace of 1783. They lost it again in the revolutionary war; but, on the restoration of the Bourbons, it was again ceded to France. In sailing to resume possession, the Medusa frigate sustained that terrible shipwreck which seems to have paralysed all the further attempts to restore the importance of these settlements.

SENEGAMBIA, a name which has been given to those countries of Africa lying between the south limits of the Great Sahara and the mountains of Kong. They are watered by the Gambia, Senegal, and Rio Grande.

On passing from Sahara to the banks of the Senegal, we exchange an ocean of sand for a region of fertility, and the morose and ferocious Moor for the cheerful and placid negro; but the first feeling that springs from the transition is a recollection of that iniquitous traffic which equally degraded the negro and disgraced the European. Though the Senegal is the common line of demarcation, a few Moors are scattered among the negroes on the south of that river, and some negroes are intermixed with the Moors on its northern banks.

The interior of this part of western Africa had scarcely been visited by Europeans, previously to the end of the eighteenth century. The French had long before settled near the mouth of the Senegal, and the English had possessed themselves of the Gambia; but, as their object was trade, their descriptions were confined to the productions and inhabitants of the coast and the banks of the rivers. Since 1790, however, various travels have been undertaken, and several valuable works relative to Senegambia published. The two journeys of Park are well

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