B. C. Cassivelaunus (Caswallon) defeated, and Verulamium (St. Albans) taken. Cæsar departs, after imposing tribute and taking hostages for its payment. 54 The Britons were unmolested for nearly a century by the to A. D. 13. Romans, in consequence of the great civil wars among the Romans (between the members of the first and second Triumvirates), which led to the fall of the Roman Republic and the establishment of the Roman Empire ; and afterwards in consequence of the disinclination of the first two emperors, Augustus and Tiberius, to extend the frontiers of the Empire. The Britons devoted the interval to wars between the several tribes, and the issue of these struggles was the predominance of three tribes -the Trinobantes under Cunobelin (Cymbeline), the Iceni, and the Brigantes. 36. The Roman emperor Caligula prepares a force in Gaul for the invasion of Britain. 43. The Roman emperor Claudius sends an invading force, under Aulus Plautius and Vespasian, to Britain: Cunobelin is defeated. Claudius himself arrives: captures Camelodunum (Maldon), capital of the Trinobantes, and makes it the first Roman colony. 46. Cogidunus, prince of the Regni, submits to the Romans. 50. Ostorius Scapula, the successor of Aulus Plautius, storms the stronghold (Caer-Caradoc) of Caractacus (Caradoc), the chieftain of the Silures. Caractacus, betrayed by his mother-in-law, Cartismandua, queen of the Brigantes, is sent to Rome, but released by Claudius for his fearlessness. 59. The emperor Nero sends Suetonius Paulinus to succeed Ostorius Scapula. 61. Mona (Isle of Anglesey), chief seat of the Druids, who incited maintenance of independence, is desolated by Suetonius. During his absence, queen Boadicea, of the Iceni, revolts, from the outrages offered to her by the Romans. 62. Boadicea captures Londinium (London), and massacres 70,000 of the Romans and their adherents. "At this day the workmen who dig through the foundations of A. D. the Norman and Saxon London, strike beneath them upon the traces of a double Roman city, between which lies a mass of charred and broken rubbish, attesting the conflagration of the terrible Boadicea" (Merivale). Boadicea is overthrown by Suetonius, and poisons herself. Julius Agricola is sent by the emperor Vespasian to command the Romans in Britain (A.D. 78). 81. Agricola builds a line of forts (afterwards replaced by Antonine's Wall, 138) between the Clyde and the Forth, to repel the Caledonians and other northern tribes. 84. Agricola defeats Galgacus, king of the Caledonians, at Mount Grampius. The Roman fleet circumnavigates Britain. Agricola introduces, during his government, the Roman manners, customs, and dress, by which the natives become effeminate. "The Roman towns that had perished in Boadicea's insurrection were restored in increased opulence and splendour; and others, of almost equal wealth, were rapidly founded in the most favourable situations throughout the greater part of the island. Harbours were deepened; docks and wharves were constructed; and roads of still enduring solidity were made from place to place; the primary object of the Roman surveyors and engineers being to facilitate the rapid movement and concentration of troops; but their works served also to give the most important stimulus to internal traffic, and to break down the barriers of little local nationalities and of petty provincial exclusiveness" (Creasy). 85. Agricola recalled to Rome. 120. Frequent incursions of the northern clans into southern or Roman Britain. The emperor Hadrian visits Britain, and builds Hadrian's Wall (or Picts' Wall), a line of forts between the Tyne and the Solway. 138. Under the emperor Antoninus Pius, Lollius Urbicus defeats the Caledonians, re-advances the Roman frontier, and builds Antonine's Wall (remains now called Graham's Dyke) on the site of Agricola's line of forts (84). 190. Clodius Albinus succeeds Pertinax as governor of Roman Britain, 193. Clodius Albinus is proclaimed emperor by the legions in Britain after the death of Pertinax: he is defeated and beheaded by Septimius Severus, now sole emperor. 208. The emperor Severus rebuilds Hadrian's (or Picts') Wall (120). 210. Severus invades and nearly conquers Caledonia. A. D. 211. Severus dies at Eborácum (York). "There is little mention of Britain by the Roman historians for more than seventy years after the death of Severus. The ravages of the northern tribes never entirely ceased. The fierce and adventurous warriors of the maritime region of northern Germany now began to infest the coasts of Britain and Gaul with their piratical squadrons. The Roman writers call them Saxons: . . but without doubt Franks, Frieslanders, Angles, Jutes, and even Danes and Norsemen, participated in their enterprises and shared in their plunder" (Creasy). 286. Carausius, a Batavian officer of the Roman legions in Britain, proclaims himself emperor of Britain, and adopts the motto of "Rome Renewed" and the emblem of a ship. 290. Carausius occupies Boulogne: his independence is recognised by the Roman emperor Diocletian. 292. Diocletian sends the Cæsar (or heir-apparent), Constantius, against Carausius, who is assassinated by Allectus. Sovereignty assumed by Allectus. 297. Allectus subdued by Constantius. 303. Persecutions of the Christians throughout the Roman empire (303-305): Alban, the first British martyr, suffered at Verulamium (St. Alban's). 306. Constantius dies at Eborácum (York): his son, Constantine (the Great), succeeds him. 338. The emperor Constans repels the Picts. 368. The district between the Tyne and the Forth (abandoned by Severus, 208) re-annexed by the emperor Theodosius. 383. A Briton, Maximus, is proclaimed emperor by the legions in Britain he crosses to the continent and defeats the : emperor Gratian: he peoples Armoric Gaul (Brittany) with British colonists. 388. Maximus is defeated and slain at Aquileia. 418. The legions are sent by the emperor Honorius to aid the Britons against the Picts and Scots (immigrants into Scotland from Ireland). 428. The emperor Honorius, pressed by the invading barbarians (Suevi, Burgundians, Franks, Goths, and Vandals), withdraws the legions and releases the Britons from their allegiance to Rome. "Of the western provinces that obeyed the Cæsars she was the A. D. last that was conquered and the first that was thrown away" (Macaulay). 429. The Britons, led by bp. (St.) Germain of Auxerre, gain the Hallelujah Victory over the Picts and Scots. 446. The Britons send an epistle for aid, the Groans of the Britons, to the patrician Aetius. 447. The cities form a Federal Monarchy under Vortigern, a prince of Devonshire. He invites the aid of the Saxons against the Picts and Scots. After the campaign of Claudius, A.D. 43, Roman Britain was placed under the government of a Legate of consular rank, the financial arrangements being under a Procurator. Thẹ emperor Severus, about A.D. 210, divided Roman Britain into two provinces, Upper (Superior) and Lower (Inferior), each under the charge of a President (Præses). Diocletian, a century later, attached Roman Britain to the Prefecture of the Gauls: the prefect resided at Trèves, and afterwards at Arles, and his deputy in Britain, the Vicar, resided at Eboracum (York). Roman Britain then consisted of 5 districts:-(1) Britannia Prima (First Britain) comprising all south of the Thames and the Bristol Channel; (2) Britannia Secunda (Second Britain), Wales and the district between the Welsh frontier and the Severn; (3) Flavia Cæsariensis, the district north of the Thames, east of the Severn, and south of the Mersey and Humber; (4) Maxima Cæsariensis (Greatest Cæsariense), the district north of the Mersey and Humber as far as Hadrian's (or the Picts') Wall; and, after A.D. 368, (5), Valentia, the district between the Tyne and the Frith of Forth. Each district was governed, under the Vicar of Britain, by a chief officer,- -a President in Prima, Secunda, and Flavia Cæsariensis, and a Consular in Maxima Cæsariensis and Valentia. The command of the forces was, in this later period, vested in three officers -the "Count of the Britains" (Comes Britanniarum), or commander-in-chief; the "Count of the Saxon shore" (Comes Saxonici littoris) governing the troops on the shores exposed to the attacks of the Saxons,* and the "Duke of * Some of the Modern Historians of the Anglo-Saxon period consider he was so pamed because there already were Saxon settlements on the east coast. the Britains" (Dux Britanniarum) in the north of Roman Britain. Four great highways-(1) Watling Street, from Richborough (Pegwell Bay) on Kentish coast through London to Caernarvon (2) Ikenild Street, from Tynemouth, through York, Derby, and Birmingham, to St. David's (3) Irmin Street, from St. David's to Southampton: (4) The Foss, from Cornwall to Lincoln. : Two Municipal Towns-Eboracum (York), and Verulamium (St. Alban's). Nine Colonies of Roman CitizensLondinium or Augusta (London), Camelodunum (Colchester, or Maldon), Rutupia (Richborough), Therma or Aqua Solis ("Hot Waters," Bath), Isca Silurum (Caerleon), Deva (Chester), Glevum or Claudia (Gloucester), Lindum (Lincoln), Camboricum (probably Cambridge). Ten Cities with the Latin right (their privileges depending on their charter)-Durnomagus or Durobric (Castor-on-Nene, or Water-Newton), Catarractonum (Catterick, in Yorkshire), Cambodunum (Slack, in Yorkshire), Coccium (Ribchester, in Lancashire), Luguvallium (Carlisle), Pteroton (Burghhead, in Moray), Victoria (Dealgin Ross, in Perth), Corinium (Circencester), Sorbiodunum (Old Sarum). Twelve Stipendiary Cities (tributaries) - Venta Belgarum (Winchester), Venta Icenorum (Caister, near Norwich), Venta Silurum (Caer-went, in Monmouth), Segontium (Caer-Seiont, in Caernarvon), Muridunum (Seaton, in Devon), Raga (Leicester), Cantiopolis or Durovernum (Canterbury), Dunium or Durinum (Dorchester), Isca (Exeter), Bremenium (Riechester, Northumberland), Vindonum (near Andover, Hants), Durobriva (Rochester). In all, thirty-three cities, "each possessing powers of self-government and taxation, and the inhabitants of each electing their own decurions or senators, from among whom the magistrates were appointed. We may be partly indebted to this, the Roman influence on the British element of our population, for the system of municipal freedom and local self-rule, to which so much of our glory and our power has justly been attributed" (Creasy). The Romans, at the conquest, introduced their classic religion and speedily extirpated Druidism. Christianity was early introduced, probably at end of the 1st century A.D., and by missionaries from the East (as the Greek origin of most ecclesiastical terms indicates). Paganism continued the state religion of the Romans till the reign of Constantine the Great, about |