A TEXT-BOOK ON RHETORIC, SUPPLEMENTING THE Development of the Science with Exhaustive A COURSE OF PRACTICAL LESSONS ADAPTED FOR USE IN BY BRAINERD KELLOGG, A.M., Professor of the English Language and Literature in the Brooklyn Collegiate and NEW YORK: CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, 734 BROADWAY. 1884. LANGUAGE LESSONS: GRAMMAR COMPOSITION. A COMPLETE COURSE IN TWO BOOKS ONLY. THE BEST AND THE CHEAPEST. I. GRADED LESSONS IN ENGLISH: AN ELEMENTARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR, consisting of One Hundred II. HIGHER LESSONS IN ENGLISH: A WORK ON ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION, in which 280 pages, BRAINERD KELLOGG, A. M., Professor of English Language and The two books completely cover the ground of Grammar and COPYRIGHT, 1880, BY BRAINERD KELLOGG. PE 1408 K27t PREFACE. THE delightful Portia, in the "Merchant of Venice," says, "If to do were as easy as to know what were good to do, chapels had been churches, and poor men's cottages princes' palaces." This sentence, long ringing in the author's ears, has had its profound truth confirmed to him daily in his attempts to teach pupils rhetoric. No professor of music, text-book as well as instructor, sits down before his pupil, expounds the principles upon which the art rests, explains how this and that piece should be rendered, instances model performers, warns the pupil against the errors into which he is liable to fall, and then goes away imagining that his work is done, and that the youth is now, or, under such training, is likely ever to become, a musician. In addition to all this teaching, how many scores of times does he compel the practice, under his watchful eye and ear, of every scale and selection, insist upon the proper giving of every note, attend to the manipulation of all the organs concerned in its making; and how rejoiced is he if, even with such minute and painstaking instruction, the pupil grows, under his tuition, into a tolerable singer or player! But in teaching the art of arts, the art of thinking and expressing thought, text-books stop short with the development of the science, with the presentation of its principles, adding, it may be, for correction, some sentences violating these; their authors thinking that the 155993 41413-33 teacher will take up their unfinished task, and, without models, outlines, hints-work of any kind laid out for him-will go on to teach the pupil to translate into product, and so make available in his speech, the theory unfolded, the knowledge imparted. If this were all that teachers require of a text-book on rhetoric, surely there would be no call for another; least of all men would the author of this have felt himself summoned to write one. He has no reason to suppose that he could improve upon the scientific treatises, the philosophies of rhetoric, already extant-many of which, and among these some of the oldest, are admirable of their kind. But the cry coming up from teachers on all sides is, that they need something more—something which, unfolding fully and clearly the principles of the science, shall go on immediately to mark out work for the pupil to do with his pen in illustration and as fruit of what he has learned, and shall exact the doing of it—and this not in the recitation-room, but in preparation for it, and as the burden of his lesson. Believing, with such teachers, that the rhetoric needed is not that whose facts receive final lodgment in the pupil's memory, but that whose teachings are made to work their way down out of this into his tongue and fingers, enabling him to speak and to write the better for having studied it; believing that the aim of the study should be to put the pupil in possession of an art, and that this cannot be done simply by forcing the science into him through eye and ear, but must be largely by drawing it out of him, in products, through his tongue and his pen;-believing this, the author has prepared this work, in which all explanations of principles are followed and supplemented by exhaustive practice in composition. The plan pursued is simple; the work stands under three heads-Invention, Qualities of Style, and Productions. Great stress is laid upon Invention, the finding of the thought, that most important element in discourse of any kind. Thirty lessons, more than a third of the whole number, are devoted to this. While, strictly speaking, rhetoric cannot, nothing can, teach the pupil to think, he can be brought into such relations with his subject as to find much thought in it, get much out of it, and he can be led to put this into the most telling place in his oral and written efforts. Explaining, then, what thinking is, what thought is, and what a sentence is as the embodiment of a thought and the instrument for its expression, the author leads the pupil up through the construction of sentences of all conceivable kinds, from the simplest to the most intricate-transformed by substitution, contraction, and expansion-through the synthesis of sentences, in their protean forms, into paragraphs, and through the analysis of subjects and the preparation of frameworks, to the finding of thought for his themes. Under Qualities of Style, running through more than 100 pages, the pupil is made familiar with the six grand, cardinal ones-perspicuity, imagery, energy, wit, pathos, and elegance,—learns in detail what he must do to secure these, and has placed before him pages of rare extracts from English writers, for the critical study of style. Under Productions, all discourse is divided into oral and written, and written into prose and poetry. These are subdivided, and the requisites and functions of the grand divisions and of their subdivisions are explained. Special attention is given to those productions exacted of the pupil-conversation, debates, orations, and letters. The rhythm and the metre of poetry are made level to |