laws; Troy should give a mixture of men, and some religious rites; and both people should meet in one name of Latins.sw did

Soon after the foundation of the city of Rome, the people of the Romans and the Sabines mingled upon equal terms: wherein the interchange went so even, that, as Livy noteth, the one nation gave the name to the place, the other to the people. For Rome continued the name, but the people were called Quirites, which was the Sabine word, derived of Cures the country of Tatius.

But that which is chiefly to be noted in the whole continuance of the Roman government; they were so liberal of their naturalizations, as in effect they made perpetual mixtures. For the manner was to grant the same, not only to particular persons, but to families and lineages; and not only so, but to whole cities and countries. So as in the end it came to that, that Rome was communis patria, as some of the civilians call it.

Be So we read of St. Paul, after he had been beaten with rods, and thereupon charged the officer with the violation of the privilege of a citizen of Rome; the captain said to him, Art thou then a Roman? That privilege hath cost me dear. To whom St. Paul replied, But I was so born; and yet, in another place, St. Paul professeth himself, that he was a Jew by tribe: so as it is manifest that some of his ancestors were naturalized; and so it was conveyed to him and their other descendents.

So we read, that it was one of the first despites that was done to Julius Cæsar, that whereas he had obtained naturalization for a city in Gaul, one of the city was beaten with rods of the consul Marcellus.

So we read in Tacitus, that in the emperor Claudius's time, the nation of Gaul, that part which is called Comata, the wilder part, were suitors to be made capable of the honour of being senators and officers of Rome. His words are these; Cum de supplendo senatu agitaretur, primoresque Galliæ, quæ Comata appellatur, fœdera, et civitatem Romanam pridem assecuti, jus adipiscendorum in urbe honorum

et

expeterent; multus ea super re variusque rumor, studiis diversis, apud principem certabatur. And in the end, after long debate, it was ruled they should be admitted.

So likewise, the authority of Nicholas Machiavel seemeth not to be contemned; who enquiring the causes of the growth of the Roman empire, doth give judgment; there was not one greater than this, that the state did so easily compound and incorporate with strangers.

It is true, that most estates and kingdoms have taken the other course: of which this effect hath followed, that the addition of further empire and territory hath been rather matter of burden, than matter of strength unto them: yea, and farther it hath kept alive the seeds and roots of revolts and rebellions for many ages; as we may see in a fresh and notable example of the kingdom of Arragon: which, though it were united to Castile by marriage, and not by conquest; and so descended in hereditary union by the space of more than an hundred years; yet because it was continued in a divided government, and not well incorporated and cemented with the other crowns, entered into a rebellion upon point of their fueros, or liberties, now of very late years.

Now to speak briefly of the several parts of that form, whereby states and kingdoms are perfectly united, they are, besides the sovereignty itself, four in number; union in name, union in language, union in laws, union in employments.

For name, though it seem but a superficial and outward matter, yet it carrieth much impression and enchantment: the general and common name of Græcia made the Greeks always apt to unite, though otherwise full of divisions amongst themselves, against other nations whom they called barbarous. The Helvetian name is no small band to knit together their leagues and confederacies the faster. The common name of Spain, no doubt, hath been a special means of the better union and conglutination of the several kingdoms of Castile, Arragon, Granada, Navarre, Valentia, Catalonia, and the rest, comprehending also now lately Portugal.

For language, it is not needful to insist upon it; because both your majesty's kingdoms are of one language, though of several dialects; and the difference is so small between them, as promiseth rather an inriching of one language than a continuance of two.

For laws, which are the principal sinews of government, they be of three natures; jura, which I will term freedoms or abilities, leges, and mores.

For abilities and freedoms, they were amongst the Romans of four kinds, or rather degrees. Jus connubii, jus civitatis, jus suffragii, and jus petitionis or honorum. Jus connubii is a thing in these times out of use: for marriage is open between all diversities of nations. Jus civitatis answereth to that we call denization or naturalization. Jus suffragii answereth to the voice in parliament. Jus petitionis answereth to place in council or office. And the Romans did many times sever these freedoms; granting Jus connubii, sine civitate, and civitatem, sine suffragio, and suffragium, sine jure petitionis, which was commonly with them the last.

For those we called leges, it is a matter of curiosity and inconveniency, to seek either to extirpate all particular customs, or to draw all subjects to one place or resort of judicature and session. It sufficeth there be an uniformity in the principal and fundamental laws, both ecclesiastical and civil: for in this point the rule holdeth which was pronounced by an ancient father, touching the diversity of rites in the Church; for finding the vesture of the queen in the psalm, which did prefigure the Church, was of divers colours; and finding again that Christ's coat was without a seam, he concluded well, in veste varietas sit, scissura non sit.

For manners: a consent in them is to be sought industriously, but not to be enforced: for nothing amongst people breedeth so much pertinacy in holding their customs, as sudden and violent offer to remove them.

And as for employments, it is no more, but an indifferent hand, and execution of that verse:

Tros, Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur.

There remaineth only to remember out of the grounds of nature the two conditions of perfect mixture; whereof the former is time: for the natural philosophers say well, that compositio is opus hominis, and mistio opus naturæ. For it is the duty of man to make a fit application of bodies together: but the perfect fermentation and incorporation of them must be left to time and nature; and unnatural hasting thereof doth disturb the work, and not dispatch it.

So we see, after the graft is put into the stock and bound, it must be left to time and nature to make that continuum, which at the first was but contiguum. And it is not any continual pressing or thrusting together that will prevent nature's season, but rather hinder it. And so in liquors, those commixtures which are at the first troubled, grow after clear and settled by the benefit of rest and time.

The second condition is, that the greater draw the less. So we see when two lights do meet, the greater doth darken and dim the less. And when a smaller river runneth into a greater, it loseth both its name and stream. And hereof, to conclude, we see an excellent example in the kingdoms of Judah and Israel. The kingdom of Judah contained two tribes; the kingdom of Israel contained ten. King David reigned over Judah for certain years; and, after the death of Ishbosheth, the son of Saul, obtained likewise the kingdom of Israel. This union continued in him, and likewise in his son Solomon, by the space of seventy years, at least, between them both: but yet, because the seat of the kingdom was kept still in Judah, and so the less sought to draw the greater: upon the first occasion offered, the kingdoms brake again, and so continued ever after.

Thus having in all humbleness made oblation to your majesty of these simple fruits of my devotion and studies, I do wish, and do wish it not in the nature of an impossibility, to my apprehension, that this happy union of your majesty's two kingdoms of England and Scotland, may be in as good an hour, and under the like divine providence, as that was between the Romans and the Sabines.

GRANGE ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND. quid

COLLECTED AND DISPERSED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S BETTER SERVICE.

vlao

YOUR majesty, being, I doubt not, directed and conducted by a better oracle than that which was given for light to Æneas in his peregrination, Antiquam exquirite matrem, hath a royal, and indeed an heroical desire to reduce these two kingdoms of England and Scotland into the unity of their ancient mother kingdom of Britain. Wherein as I would gladly applaud unto your majesty, or sing aloud that hymn or anthem, Sic itur ad astra; so in a more soft and submissive voice, I must necessarily remember unto your majesty that warning or caveat, Ardua quæ pulchra : it is an action that requireth, yea, and needeth much, not only of your majesty's wisdom, but of your felicity. In this argument I presumed at your majesty's first entrance to write a few lines, indeed scholastically and speculatively, and not actively or politicly, as I held it fit for me at that time; when neither your majesty was in that your desire declared, nor myself in that service used or trusted. But now that both your majesty hath opened your desire and purpose with much admiration, even of those who give it not so full an approbation, and that myself was by the Commons graced with the first vote of all the Commons selected for that cause; not in any estimation of my ability, for therein so wise an assembly could not be so much deceived, but in an acknowledgment of my extreme labours and integrity;