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kiss her, and both fell on the cellar floor. He, rising up, went towards the stair-but, unfortunately, she laid her hand on a knife close by, and stabbed him in the back, and he instantly died. She was found guilty, and sentenced to death (of course), and between nine and ten o'clock on a lovely summer morning, this miserable creature, "one (says. the Reverend Ordinary) that never could be brought to any knowledge of religion, who forgot everything that was told her in publick or private, who was one of the most sottish, wicked, stupid creatures I ever saw under like misfortunes," was put in a sledge at Newgate, along with a good many other wicked, stupid creatures, and taken along the Oxford Road, until they came to the neighbourhood of the present Marble Arch, to a stout and memorable tree, called Tyburn. There, says the reverend historian, all being adjusted in the cart (there were no scaffolds, traps, and falls, in those days), Sampson (aged 22, crime, stealing a hat valued 6s.) desired that he and Simmons (aged 25, crime, stealing 5.), might be tied up to the tree together-both of them having taken their shoes off. Just before the cart drew away, Simmons kissed a gentleman twice (who was in the cart with him) and desired him to give one kiss to dear old mother, and the other kiss to his dear and loving wife, whom he had only lately married. Then prayers being ended, Ann Mudd was taken out of the cart, and carried to the stake, and in a very short time was burnt. Ann Mudd, a woman 22 years of age, of poor but honest parents, although a very ignorant and stupid creature, with no more sense of her duty than a brute, was thus burned alive on Wednesday, 29th June, 1737. Can any one say whether any woman subsequent to that date, in this country, was put to death by so savage and cruel a method as being burned alive.

Since writing the foregoing, I find an account in the same volume of two other women having been burned at the stake at Tyburn, subsequent to the above. Elizabeth Harwood (32), for the murder of her bastard child, and Susannah Brown (67), for the murder of her husband, were, on 21st December, 1739, drawn on a hurdle to Tyburn, tied to a stake, and burned.

H. WRIGHT.

POST-OFFICE ORDERS.-I had no idea till now that the system of "Post-Office Money Orders" is as old as the year 1818, if not older. In a pamphlet which I picked up to-day at a book-stall, dated 1818, I find this notice, of which it may be worth while to "make a note" in the Antiquary. "Very few persons are aware that a Post-Office Order is a most safe, secret, and facile plan of transmitting small sums from one part of the kingdom to another, as no other but the person they are really intended for can obtain the amount." It is possible that some of your readers may be able to produce an earlier example.

applicable to Sir Walter, but none seemed satisfactory. No doubt some of your learned readers can oblige me with the right translation. EKARD.

SURGEON-MAJOR FLEMING'S WORK ON MEDALS. — I have seen in the Antiquary several allusions to a work on war medals and clasps, by Surgeon-Major Fleming. As I have never seen that work, and cannot find it in the Catalogue of the British Museum Library, would SurgeonMajor Fleming be kind enough to inform me, through the medium of the Antiquary, whether any clasp was given for the gallant though unsuccessful attack on Burgos, in 1812. I should be glad also to hear when Mr. Fleming's work was published, and where, and also its price. I have read Carter's work on War Medals, but from the notices in the Antiquary I infer that Mr. Fleming's book is much nearer to a complete and exhaustive review of the subject.

D. KNELL.

DOUBLE HELMETS.-The enclosed tracing appears to represent a double helmet, similar to that of the Ashington knights, described by E. Dalling, on p. 54, ante. The tracing is from a cutting in my possession, entitled " Pipinos II., Herstallius Cognom," and represents a knight in plate armour, wearing a surcoat, and a long cloak that reaches to the ground; a dagger hangs on his right side, and his two hands hold a double-handed sword. On his left

E. WALFORD, M.A. SIR WALTER SCOTT.-At the recent visit to Exeter of the Archæological Institute, a medal of the likeness of Siring of the pennon as to be difficult to make out. A greyWalter Scott was exhibited, with the following motto beneath the figure

"Bardorum Citheras Patrio qui reddidit Istro." Many attempts were made to render "Patrio Istro" as

* It was a theme of reproach to die with their shoes on. In the old songs and ballads this always meant that the person of whom it is spoken should die by the hands of the executioner.

† Many affecting scenes must have been witnessed at cruel Tyburn in the days of old, when the poor creatures suffered from a cart, and this occasion when poor Simmons sent a kiss to his young wife and to his mother, was probably one of them. Prior has most beautifully portrayed the feelings of a wretched creature anxious to prolong out dear life to the last, in the following lines:

"Now fitted the halter, now traversed the cart,
And often took leave, yet seemed loath to depart."

arm is a triangular shield which, together with his surcoat, is charged,-Quarterly, four eagles displayed. On the pennon of a lance which leans against a wall near the knight, is a very different coat of arms, but it is so hidden by the twisthound is seated at the feet of the knight, and a walled town on a hill, by the side of a river, is in the background. I shall feel greatly obliged to any of your correspondents who would tell me from what book this print was obtained.

J. P. EMSLIE.

EISTEDDFOD.-At what date was this session for the shall feel obliged if any of your readers can favour me with contests of Welsh bards and minstrels established? I some particulars concerning these gatherings.

T. LLOYD.

points monks differ from friars, and something about the MONKS AND FRIARS.-I shall be glad to know on what way in which these religious orders were instituted.

J.. C. WATSON.

SONG BOOK.-Can any one give me a transcript of the title-page of an old song book, square 12mo., which contains 100 songs with music (one song to each page), commencing "A Miser's Song," and ending, on page 100 with, "The Jilt? The whole book is engraved, not printed from

moveable type.

H. WRIGHT.

GEORGE WITHER.-George Wither, poet and major in the Parliamentarian army, and author of the well-known lines commencing,—

"Shall I, wasting in despair,

Die because a woman's fair?"

Died May 2nd, 1667, and is stated to have been buried "between the east door and south end of the church belong ing to the Savoy Hospital in the Strand." Is there any memorial of the soldier-poet, or can his grave be identified?

Replies.

G. WIGHTMAN.

nor on the other. Some say there came four men, upon four horses, riding to the field, with four spears, and a wisp on every spear-head, to be a sign and witter to them that every one of them should know other. They rode in the field, and horsed the king, and brought him forth of the field on a din hackney. But some say they had him into the Merse, betwixt Dunse and Kelso; what they did with him there I cannot tell. But one ten years thereafter convicted of slaughter, offered to the Duke of Albany for his life, to let him see the place where the prince was yearded [buried] to the token he should let him see his belt of iron lying beside him in the grave. But, notwithstanding, this man got no audience by them that were about him, the Duke of Albany desired not at that time, that such thing should be known. Upon the Berwick, some went through the field seeking the noblemen morrow, the Englishmen, after carting off their artillery to who were slain, and in special the king's grace.' They found many like him, clad in his coat of armour, but no man could say surely that it was he because the same day of the field he caused ten to be clad in his coat of armour, among the rest were two of his guard, the one called Alexander Macculloch, and the other the Squire of Cleisch, which were men of makedom both like the king. Therefore when they were KING JAMES IV. (Vol. iv. 54).—The statement of your cor- dead gotten in the field, and the king's coat of armour upon respondent to the effect that an aged friend of his knew that them, the Englishmen believing that one of them was the a skeleton, supposed to be that of the Scottish monarch, king, they took one of them whom they thought to be most was found in the well at Home Castle, with an iron chain or apparently like the king, and cast him in a chariot, and had belt round it, opens up this historical subject for remark. him away to England with them. But yet we know surely Sir Walter Scott, whose antiquarian knowledge and zeal they got not the king, because they had never the token of the are world-famous, and whose truthfulness and honesty has iron belt to show to no Scottish man."-("History of Scotnever yet been called in question, says he made enquiries at land, by R. Lindsay, of Pitscottie. Edinburgh: 1778, pp. 182the time, and found the rumours then current existed only in 4.) Halle, the English chronicler says: "His bodye [the king's] the garrulous gossip of the parish beadle. Had so interesting was not founde tyll the nexte daye, because al the meane and important a discovery actually been made as finding the people, as well Scottes as Englysh, were strypped out of their body of so gallant a king as James IV., of Scotland, is it apparell as they laye at the felde; yet at the laste he was possible to believe that Sir Walter Scott would have lent his founde by the Lord Dacres, who knewe hym well by hys pryuye pure and lofty name to conceal such an important historical tookens, in that same place where the battayle of the Earle of fact, because such a discovery would, forsooth, reflect dis- Surrey and hys fyrst joyned together. Thys kynge had grace upon the Home family? Why, the difference of time diverse deadelye woundes, and, in especyall, one wyth an between the battle of Flodden and Sir Walter's day was 300 arrowe, and another with a byll, as apered when he was years, and the Home family must have possessed super- naked. After that the bodye of the King of Scottes was humanly exquisite tender consciences to have been so sensi-founde and broughte too Barwicke, the Earle shewed it to tive after the wear of three long centuries. Besides, are we Sir William Scot, hys chancellor, and Sir Ihon Forman, hys to suppose that a skeleton or an iron chain, will remain pre- serjante-porter, whyche knewe hym at the fyrste sygthe, and served in a well (full of water, I presume, and in daily use) made great lamentation. Then was the bodye bowelled, for all those hundred years. If the well was not full of embawmed, and cered, and, secretelye, amongst other stuffe, water and in daily use, but a disused one-and it may be conveyed to Newcastell. After thys noble vyctorye, the choked up with rubbish and dirt-yet the chances of preser- Earle wrote fyrste to the Queene, that the Kynge of Scottes vation are also few, because a disused well, even, will act as was slayne, and a parte of hys coate-armoure to her sente, a drain to the surrounding ground, and the continual percola- for whiche vyctorye she thanked God, and so the Earle retion of water will wear away and destroy, rather than turned to the Quene wyth the deade bodye of the Scottyshe serve, human bones and manufactured iron. Again, is it kinge, and brought it to Richmond."-("Halle's Chronicle feasible to believe that this great discovery was actually of England;" 1548, fol.) made, and passed away unrecorded even in the corners of the village newspaper? Is there any corroboration at all of the finding of any skeleton at Home Castle, which could by an intelligent mind be assigned as that of King James IV.

pre

Lindsay, of Pitscottie, the historian, who wrote nearest to the time of Flodden, and, indeed, whose statements have mainly given rise to any controversy on the subject, thus reports the fall of the king :-"The Earl of Huntley desired at the Lord Hume that he would help the king, and rescue him in his extremity; for he said that he was overset with the multitude of men. Notwithstanding, the Lord Hume answered the Earl of Huntley in this manner, saying, 'He does well that does for himself. We have foughten our van-guards and have win the same. Therefore let the lave do their part as well as we.' The Earl of Huntley answered again and said 'He could not suffer his native prince to be overcome with his enemies before his eyes.' Therefore called his men together by sluggorn and sound of trumpets, to have past to the king. But ere he came, all was defeat on either side, that few or none was living neither on the king's part,

"The Battle of Flodden Field," a poem of the sixteenth
century, edited by Henry Weber, 1808, p. 119, says:—
"But the English soldiers all that night,
Although they weary were with toil,
The Scotsmen costly slain in fight,
Of jewels rich spared not to spoil.
"The corpse of many worthy wight

They uncased of his comely array;
And many a baron brave, and knight,
Their bodies there all naked lay.
"The carcase of the kinge himself

Bare naked left as it was born,
The Earl could not know it so well,
Searching the same upon the morn.
"Until Lord Dacres at the last

By certain signs did him bewray,
The corpse then in a cart being cast,
They to Newcastle did convey."

must therefore be regarded as contemporaneous evidence of the This ballad was written about thirty years after the battle, and it events of which it sings.

The disastrous field of Flodden also gave birth to another old ballad (representing the Scottish side of the question), which has long since been lost, with the exception of a line or two still preserved in the beautiful and touching ballad of "The Flowers of the Forest," written by Miss Jane Elliot, of Minto, about 1775, the last two verses of which we give:

"Dool for the order, sent our lads to the border,

The English for once by guile won the day,

The Flowers of the Forest, that fought aye the foremost,
The prime of our land, lie cold in the clay,
"We'll hae nae mair liltin' at the ewe milkin',
Women and bairns are heartless and wac
Sighin' and moanin' on ilka green loanin',

The Flowers of the Forest are a' wede away."

In one case we find the form "post conquestum Anglo|rum" (page 86).

Numerous other examples of this usage will be found in this valuable collection of Deeds, the publication of which by the present Rector of Ilchester is a boon to antiquaries. M. D. T. N.

This is one of the commonest expressions in mediæval inscriptions. There are no end of examples of the use of the phrase "Post Conquestum Anglia" to distinguish the kings of England subsequent to that event from those who preceded it. It is more generally applied, however, to the Edwards as more likely to be confounded with Edward the Confessor. If the Duke of Edinburgh succeeded to the throne, he would, if called Alfred I., be properly distinguished as " Post Conquestum Angliæ.”

J. F. THORPE.

The body of the gallant king was taken to London, and then sent to the monastery of Sheyne, in Surrey. It remained there unburied for years, although Pope Leo X. BEAN-FEAST (Vol. iv. 67).—If your correspondent will wrote earnestly to Henry VIII. to allow the body to be refer to Dr. Brewer's "Dictionary of Phrase and Fable," 2nd buried with the royal honours due to it in the Cathedral of edit., p. 73, he will find what follows anent this festival, St. Paul's, London. The savage Mormon, with the ruthless- much the same as Wayz-Goose: "A feast given by an ness of a Modoc Indian, declined so humane and reasonable employer to those he employs. The bean-goose is next in a request. In consequence, the body was thrown into a size to the grey-lag-goose. The term comes from the waste room, amongst old timber and rubbish, and the work-northern counties, where the bean-goose is common." men, for their savage pleasure, played with it and hewed off the head. At length, Lancelot Young, master-glazier to Queen Elizabeth, rescued the corpse and head from further indignity (the form yet remaining-with the hair of the head and beard red-and dried from all moisture) brought it to his house in Wood-street, London, and in the end caused the sexton of St. Michael's, Wood-street, to bury it amongst other bones taken out of their charnell.

The stream and force of contemporaneous testimony to the finding of the body of James IV., after he so bravely fell at Flodden, is so strong and irresistible, that, with Sir Walter, we must believe the story of the Home Castle skeleton to be very mythical indeed. If, however, your correspondent can give further and explicit particulars, it may not be too late to discover whether, in this instance, the truth really lies in the bottom of a well.

H. WRIGHT.

FREDERICK RULE.

WAYZ-GOOSE (Vol. iv. 67).-Dr. Brewer, in his "Dictionary of Phrase and Fable," 2nd edit., p. 947, says :-"An entertainment given to journeymen. The word Wayz means a bundle of straw, and wayz-goose a 'stubble-goose,' the crowning dish of the entertainment (see Bean-Feast, Harvest Goose)." The above is all Dr. Brewer says, and I fear the replies will not be quite satisfactory to your correspondents. FREDERICK RULE.

iii. 263, 293).-In acknowledging J. LL.'s reply to mine SEVENTEENTH CENTURY TRADESMEN'S TOKENS (Vol. respecting the motto "Mallia Cadreene," on the Oxford token, and following up the transposition of the letters, may not the following suggestions be more feasible, getting thereby both name of place and date of issue, viz.,

or

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REEA. LANE. A (anno). M.D.C.L.I. Allowing for the orthography, I asked, under the psenHenricus," if there is or was such a place in Oxford as Area, or Rear Lane, and failing a reply thereto, I presume there is not, and, if there was, all trace has been lost.

POST CONQUESTUM ANGLIE (Vol. iv. 41, 83).—This phrase, upon the Graveney brass, contains no "political allusion to the year 1421.' It was the usual formula by which our kings, after the Conquest by William of Normandy, were described. In the Graveney brass commemo-donym of rating Judge Martyn, the year of his death is described as "Anno Domini Millesimo, ccccxxxvio et Anno Regni Regis Henrici Sexti post conquestu Anglie Quintodecimo." Here the king is described as the sixth Henry who, since the Norman Conquest, had occupied the throne of England.

In the "Ilchester Almshouse Deeds," edited by the Rev. W. Buckler, and published in 1866, "G.B." may find many instances of the use of this phrase, I will cite some of them.

Deed No. 108, 3 Henry V., A.D. 1416, is thus dated, "sexto die Marcii ann: reg. Reg. Henrici Quinti post conquestum tercio" (page 102).

Deed No. 105, 14 Henry IV., is dated "vicesimo die Novembris ann. reg. Reg. Henrici Quarti post conqu quarto decimo" (page 99).

Deed No. 77, 14 Richard II. is dated " die Veneris prox. post Fest. S'ci Martini Episcopi et Confessoris Ann. reg. Reg. Ricardi S'c'di post conqTM quarto decimo" (page 79).

Deed No. 70, 47 Edward III., is dated "le Lundy proschein devant le Feste de Seint Thomas Translacion l'an du regne le Roy Edwarde Tierce puis le conqueste quaraunte septisme" (page 73).

Deed No. 25, 3 Edward III., is dated "die Lune in Crastino Sancti Georgii anno regni Regis Edwardi Tercii a conquestu Tercio" (page 35).

Although J. LL.'s suggestions respecting the "Candle" are very good, I can hardly think Thomas Applebee was a tallow-chandler, in consequence of the coat of arms being placed on the token instead of the customary representation of a man making candles, or the arms of the TallowChandlers Company; and there is nothing to indicate what business he was in, if any.

J. LL. is in error in respect to suggestions No. 5 and 7, and I think Candle (Candle Maria Lee), can hardly be called a female's name, no young lady would stand that.

HENRY CHRISTIE.

I

45, 69).-Give me leave to explain that for reasons which
CREST AND MOTTO OF THE WAY FAMILY (Vol. iv. 20,
need not be related, notices of the death of Mr. Albert
Way, had that event happened, might very well have
appeared in the public prints without being seen by me.
had not heard of this gentleman's decease, but concluded
my own information at fault, rather than that your corres-
pondent, R.E.W., should imply, without reservation, the
knowledge of an event of which he was not absolutely cer-
tain. The blunder is sufficiently absurd; but I hope M. D.
will forgive me in consideration of the pleasure he has been

afforded in pronouncing the eulogy of "the Nestor of Lyminge, in Kent, and the Saxby's, sometime of StarKnowledge in the Antiquarian World." borough Castle, in Surrey.

sources.

J. CK. R.

LORD NELSON (Vol. iv. 42, 69).—I am the author of the "Old Story Retold," referred to by Mr. Aiken. I drew my information, as I generally try to do, from the best and surest The fact about the Tyrolese Jäger, not Zager, as Mr. Aiken has it, I took from the narration of one of the midshipmen who shot the fellow, which is certainly getting rather near the mark. I think the midshipman's name was Pollock, or Pollen, and that his account was published at his death, not many years ago.

WALTER THORNBURY.

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR (Vol. iv. 66).—“ Au moment de le descendre dans la fosse creusée pour lui au pied de l'autel de saint Etienne, un haro se fit entendre: Ascelin, bourgeois de léndroit, réclaimait le terrain de l'église, ravi autrefois par le conquérant. Soixante sous furent payés à Ascelin, sur le cercueil du ravisseur."-"Histoire de France, par Théodose Burette," Paris, 1851, p. 225; see also Ince and Gilbert's "Outlines of English History," 1872, p. 36; "Outlines of the History of England," published by the S.P.C.K., 24th Edn., p. 26.

JNO. A. FOWLER.

THE FAMILY OF MILTON (Vol. iv. 32).—All that is known, or that may be inferred, respecting the ancestry of John Milton is clearly set forth in Masson's "Life of Milton" (Vol. i. chap. 1). That he may have descended from an Oxfordshire family of Milton who at one time were persons of substance and position; that his grandfather was one John or Richard Milton, a substantial yeoman of that county; and that his father was John Milton, a scrivener, at the sign of the "Spread Eagle," Bread Street, London, is nearly all that has been ascertained. Even the surname of the poet's mother, whether Bradshaw or Caston, is doubtful. It has been suggested that it was with special reference to the armorial bearings of his family, that the device of the "Spread Eagle" was adopted by the poet's father, as the sign of his house. These arms-"Argent, a spread eagle with two heads, gules, legged and beaked sable," may still be seen in the impression of the seal with which Milton signed the agreement with his bookseller for the publication of

"Paradise Lost."

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THE TICHBORNE FAMILY (Vol. iv. 7, 36, 44).-With reference to the Tichborne family, of Cowden, Kent, mentioned by your correspondents on pp. 7 and 36, they were settled there long prior to 1656, for I have the will of one of my ancestors of the same place, dated in 1548, in which the name of John Tichborne, Gent., appears as a witness. These Tichbornes were cousins of the Stanfords, of

ST. H.

NELL GWYNNE (Vol. iii. 359; iv. 45).—I am informed by Mrs. Zenobia Cunningham that no portrait of her late husband, Mr. Peter Cunningham, has ever been engraved or published. W. R. COOPER.

Miscellanea.

PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND EXHIBITION.

theatre

-The

Palestine Exploration Fund Exhibition is of a varied nature, and will certainly attract all those interested in the subject of Biblical archeology and the discoveries recently made The exhibition includes two with respect to the same. large models of ancient and modern Jerusalem, besides tracings, photographs, carved stone sepulchral chests, Pottery, glass, and a number of miscellaneous objects, as Jewish phylacteries, rolls of books written on parchment and leather, and jewellery. Not the least attractive part of the exhibition is a collection of water-colour sketches of Palestine by the well-known artists, Messrs. H. A. Harper and William Simpson. The model of ancient Jerusalem previous to its destruction by Titus, A.D. 70, has the advantage of an oral historical explanation by the constructor, the numerous points of interest in connection with the City Mr. Tenz, who most courteously supplies information upon where every foot of ground seems eloquent with history or tradition. Prominent among the chief objects in this restoration, are the Temple of Herod, built upon the site of the ancient one erected by Solomon, the Palace of the High Priest Caiaphas, the Palace of Herod the Great, the the building of which gave such offence to the Jews-the several walls of the city, Absalom's Pillar, and and Crucifixion. The Ordnance Survey of the Holy City the various spots hallowed by association with the Passion and the adjacent country, as at present existing, is effectively realized in the second large model. This survey, we learn, was made in 1864-5 by Captain Wilson, R.E., tion of Major-General Sir Henry James, R.E., the cost of and five non-commissioned officers, R.E., under the directhe survey being defrayed by the Baroness Burdett-Coutts. The collection of photographs is extensive and varied. Those of the very remarkable ruin discovered by the party with Canon Tristram, will specially claim the attention of The glass and the readers of "The Land of Moab." pottery is also very attractive. Large quantities of the same were found by Captain Warren in his excavations at Jerusalem, and also in caves on the Mount of Olives. Much is of a rude and simple description, the most perfect and ornamental specimens being the lamps, principally bearing Christian devices, and in some cases rude Greek inscriptions. The Arabic wall tiles are remarkable for their good design and brilliant colouring. The committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund hope to take up again their Jerusalem work, with all the new light gained from the discoveries by Captain Warren, of whose indefatiM. Clergable labours scarcely an idea can be formed. mont Ganneau has kindly contributed to the exhibition a valuable collection of casts, squeezes, seal impressions, photographs, and miscellaneous objects. The gold, silver, and copper coins of all ages, scarabæi, gems, seals, and other curiosities lent by Captain Warren, are particularly interesting. The water-colour sketches of Jerusalem (lent by Mrs. Morrison and Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P.), are executed with Mr. Simpson's well-known force and vigour. The Well of the Steps, and the rock-hewn cisterns under the Harem specially attract the eye. Among the sketches by Mr. H. A. Harper, may be particularized "Mar Saba," a Greek convent remarkable for the wild

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grandeur of its situation; "The Valley of Ajalon," "The Mountains of Moab," Nubia, Aboo Simbel-Sunrise," "Cairo," and "Thebes," "Karnak-The Hall of Columns," Jerusalem," (kindly lent by the Earl of Dudley, Lord Wharncliff, Sir Richard Wallace, Messrs. Agnew, and other art collectors), and many others which, by their pictorial effect, assist greatly in giving a graphic idea of these deeply interesting scenes.

ETYMOLOGY OF

THE RED SEA.-In a very rare little book in my store I find a reasonable and intelligent account of the reason why the important gulf separating Egypt from Arabia is called the Red Sea, and which is, I think, so little, if at all known, that it is worthy of circulation and preservation in the pages of the Antiquary. The book bears the following title:-" A short Relation of the River Nile, of its Course and Current, of its Overflowing the Campagnia of Egypt, till it runs into the Mediterranean, and of other Curiosities, written by an Eye-witness, who lived many years in the chief kingdoms of the Abyssine Empire. London: Printed for John Martyn, Printer to the Royal Society, and are to be sold at the sign of the Bell without Temple Bar, 1669." Fronting the title page is a resolution to the following effect :-" Novemb. 1668. At a Meeting of the Council of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, it was ordered, That these Discourses-a short relation of the River Nile, &c.-translated out of a Portuguese Manuscript at the desire of the Royal Society by Sir Peter Wyche, Kt., fellow of the same-be printed by their Printer. (Signed) Brounker, President. The author was a Jesuit priest, called Father Jeronymo Lobo, a Portuguese, who spent some years in Abyssinia, and travelled in the regions he describes in his little book, and this work is amongst the first ever published by the Royal Society. In 1668 the interest felt by the Royal Society and by the public of that day in the discovery of the sources of the Nile, would be poor and feeble indeed when we compare it with the fervid and persistent interest of our own day universally displayed towards our noble, great, and modest countryman, Dr. Livingstone, in his memorable and important travels in pursuit of the real sources of the great river. But feeble as it was, it has given us the first English account of the regions of the Nile and its great tributaries. The book had gone off very slowly after being published, still it had sold, for another edition of it was issued in 1673, and then it died. In 1791, after Bruce came home with the story of all he had seen and discovered in those interesting regions, Lackington, the literary bookseller, laid his hands on this book, took it down from the shelf of oblivion, tacked to it a new preface, and set it afloat on the stream again, and it has, of course, now been long since stranded and forgotten. "We come to speak of the original of the name (says Lobo), for which divers reasons are given. By my observations, in six weeks I was at one time upon that sea, and twenty days upon another, when my inquiries were very severe and scrupulous, I found not any opinion warrantably grounded. So general a name is vainly contended for, and not to be allowed by certain red spots which appear, and to some, seem to proceed from certain parts of a whale, those spots not always appearing, and the whales being very few in those shallows; in the ocean, out of the straight, there are many. Neither did I in all my voyage upon that sea, observe any such discolouring.”

A second reason for this name is fetched from some hills of red earth, whose dust, carried by the fury of the winds, and falling into the waters, changed it to this colour. This opinion seems fabulous; for by curious search no such hills are discoverable, neither could the dust be so considerable to make the spots so great, as would give the general name to the whole sea. Others contend that the red coral which grows in the bottom of this sea, by reflection on the waters begets the same apparent colour, and gives the name. This, the fatherly Portuguese says, is also false, and gives reasons for the faith that is in him.

"I shall now declare my opinion," saith the Rev. Jeremiah Lobo, "if any voyce be permitted me upon this subject. What I shall affirme, I saw with my eyes, and discussed the matters with my companions capable of giving their judgment. Being prisoner to the Turks, and sayling in those seas, one of my companions, and of the company of Jesus, happened to be Patriarch of Ethiopia, excellently skilled in divine and profane learning. We concluded the water of that sea not different from that of the ocean, in some places we observed a long tract of water, bluish, caused by the great depth. In others, found divers white spots proceeding from the white sand and the shallowness. Other places were discoloured green by the mudd which covered the bottom. In other parts of the water where it was as clear as in any other sea, were some reddish spots. We found these spots (which were many) to be caused by a weed resembling that we call Cargaco, rooted in the bottom; some that was loose, and swam almost on the surface of the water, we took up, and casting anchor thereabouts made an Indian dive to the bottom for more. Upon strict examination, it proved to be what the Ethiopeans call sufo, which in great quantity grows in India, and divers parts of Asia. The same name almond-milk, well tasted (and often eaten by me); and to of sufo, is given to the seed; to a meat made of it, like the flowers, which resemble saffron, and may be mistaken for it. Of this is made a red colour, called sufo, used for dying cloth in Ethiopia and India (some of which cloth furnished my poor church, in Ethiopia, with hangings). The weed, seed, meat, flower, and colour agree in the same name of sufo, which considered, puts me in mind that the Scripture, in St. Jerome's translation, calls the Red Sea, instead of Mare Rubrum, Bahar Suf, making Suf and Red the same between, Ethiopia and Palestine, and in both places sufo in Hebrew.* This sea, therefore, being so near, rather signifying red, our observation named the sea, not from any such colour appearing in the water, but from the growth of that weed, which in the Hebrew and Ethiopian language signifies Rubrum. And, by experiment, the flower boyled, and mixed with juice of lime, makes so beautiful a red that it's nearer an incarnate than red, and, if durable, would be deservedly of great esteem.

"Considering the weaknesse of the other reasons from our discourse had on that sea, we concluded the name derived from no other cause than from the growth of the weed sufo, insufficient of itself to produce that colour, but whose flower makes it, and the natives give the name of the weed to the colour."

Our encyclopedias and other books of references, inform us that the name "Red Sea" was given by the Greeks, and from the Greek epithet signifying red, came the appellation Mare Rubrum-the Red Sea. But tonsured Lobo has satisfactorily shewn from what cause it has received this name.

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gies," 1832, p. 28-32, contains a pedigree of this ancient
TICHBORNE FAMILY.-Berry's Hampshire Genealo-
family, which commences with Sir Roger de Tichborne,
Knt., who married in the reign of Henry II., Mabell,
daughter and heiress of Ralph de Lymerston, of Lymerston,
in the Isle of Wight. She was the foundress of the Dole.
Their great grandson, Sir John Tichborne, Knt., died about
11th Edward III., leaving by his wife Amicia, Roger
Tichborne, Knt., who married Scecilly, daughter and
Tichborne, who, by his wife İsabel, had a son, Sir John
heiress of Adam de Racke, of Devonshire. Their great-
grandson, John Tichborne, of Tichborne, was Sheriff of
Hampshire, 3rd Henry VII., and he married Margaret,
heiress of Richard Martin, of Edenbridge, Kent.
son Nicholas, by Ann, daughter of Robert White, of South
Warnborough, in Hampshire, had a son Nicholas, who
married Elizabeth Ryeth, of Tetford, in Hampshire. Their

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