Spottiswood, but subsequently made submission to the
Government of Cromwell.
SHAGRIT.

in Burke's "Untitled Nobility" (I think that is what he calls his book), and the "crest and motto" doubtless there also. I would, however, take leave to remind R. E. W. that the arms of a particular family ("crest " as your correspondent oddly enquires after) cannot with propriety be used VISCOUNT DUNDEE (Vol. iv. 19).-See Scott's "Tales by all persons of the name; that no one, in the legal and of a Grandfather," chap. 56, in which it is stated that, restricted sense, may use armorial insignia but such as have" observing the stand made by the two English regiments, obtained a specific grant from one or other of the accredited he galloped towards the clan of MacDonald, and was in the offices of the three kingdoms, or who may be descended act of bringing them to the charge, with his right arm from some one properly entitled. elevated, as if pointing to the way of victory, when he was struck by a bullet beneath the arm-pit, where he was unprotected by his cuirass. He tried to ride on, but being unable to keep his saddle, fell mortally wounded, and died in the course of the night." SHAGRIT.

J. CK. R.

CREMATION OF HUMAN DEAD (Vol. iv. 18).—I have no special knowledge about the incremation of the dead, but my impression is that it was never a custom in England since the occupation by the Romans, and then only to a very limited extent; the great cost and inconvenience of that the small volume inquired after by Mr. James Austin is GUY FAWKES' FAMILY (Vol. iv. 7, 33).-The title of mode of disposing of dead bodies necessarily confining it to the richer classes, and would offer formidable obstacles to notices of the early History of Guy Fawkes, the Gunpowder "The Fawkeses of York in the Sixteenth Century; including its adoption, even if there were no other objections; moreover, the quick decomposition by fire offers no real advan-Plot Conspirator. Westminster, 1850" (small octavo, pp. tage over the slower but equivalent process of gradual decay, 67). Its author is Robert Davies, Esq., F.S.A., of York, the late town clerk of that city. while it is one very difficult to conduct without disgusting offensiveness.

P. H. HOLLAND,
Medical Inspector.

THE FIFTH MONARCHY MEN (Vol. iv. 7, 33).-For these enthusiasts, see Wilson's " History and Antiquities of Dissenting Churches," Vol. ii., pp. 416, 417, where the celebrated John Goodwin is cleared from the charge made against him by Bishop Burnet, of holding thin millenary notions. There are particulars of Venner and his insurrection in the same Vol., pp. 425, 430. John Canne, the Puritan biblical writer, was also a Fifth Monarchy Man, theoretically; he never took any part in the insurrection, though he suffered imprisonment. (See, also, Neal's "Puritans," Vol. iv., and Edward's "Gangrena.")

Pagitt, in his "Heresiography," gives some of these opinions, which were disowned by the Independents, Baptists, and Quakers, in printed memorials. The "Early English Baptists," by B. Evans, D.D., London, 1864, Vol. ii. pp. 213, 226, 270.

SAMUEL SHAW.

ROCK CIRCLES OF NORTHUMBERLAND (Vol. iv. 20).— For all that is known respecting these rock sculptures, I refer your correspondent to The Ancient British Sculptured Rocks of Northumberland and the Eastern Borders," by George Tate, originally published in the "Transactions of the Berwickshire Naturalist's Field Club," also to "Incised Markings on Stone found in Northumberland, &c.," with an introduction by Dr. Bruce, a large folio, privately printed at the expense of the Duke of Northumberland. The conclusions arrived at respecting these rude sculptures are, that they have been made by a Celtic race inhabiting Britain previous to the Christian era, and that they are symbolical, most probably, of religious ideas.

WILLIAM Dodd.

WOLVES IN ENGLAND (Vol. iv. 7, 35).—If Mr. Brand will consult Sir Walter Scott's "Tales of a Grandfather," chap. 46, he will find it there stated, that a chieftain known as Evan Dhu, "slew with his own hands the last wolf that was ever seen in the Highlands of Scotland." His proper name was Evan Cameron, of Lochiel; he was born in 1629, and was chief of the numerous and powerful clan of Cameron. He was called MacConnuill Dhu, the son of Black Donald, from the patronymic that marked his descent, and Evan Dhu, or Black Evan, a personal epithet derived from his own complexion. He embraced the cause of Charles II., in 1652, at the solicitation of Sir Robert

J. G. N. EDISBURY HALL, CHESHIRE (Vol. iv. 7).—Some account of the Edisbury family may be found in the Gossiping Guide to Wales, by Askew Roberts (London: Hodder and Stoughton), see pages 56, 57. Mr. James Fisher Edisbury, of Bersham Hall, Wrexham, is the present representative of the family. E. T.

Miscellanea.

ROMAN LONDON.-An interesting tesselated pavement has just been discovered in the city of London. It was only seven feet below the street level, on the site of some old buildings recently pulled down on the north side of Bishopsgate-street Within. The portion exposed comprises tional trefoils in red, white, and black, carefully worked in the red-brick bordering-a guilloche pattern, with convensmall tesseræ, in the usual mortar of pounded brick and lime. It originally formed part of an elegant and large design, and it is impossible to say how far it may still extend beneath the roadway. Its proximity to the surface would indicate a period late in the Roman occupation, the average depth of such remains in this locality having been about 12 or 13ft. In consequence of the rapid progress of the works it has had to be covered in.

HOLLAND PARK-Another suburban house, rich in old associations and pleasant memories, is about to pass into other hands-we mean the residence of the late General Fox, in Addison-road, at the north-west angle of Holland-park. Many of our readers who have been guests and visitors there within the last forty years and more will remember its charm and the genial hospitality of its owner. The garden and lawns, for the most part planted and laid out by the General himself, embrace seven acres, and along the of the elms that formed part of the avenue of Holland Park, northern side, facing the Uxbridge-road, still stand some and under which Addison probably walked and sat.

SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM.-On the 11th inst., was opened at the South Kensington Museum, the new east architectural court, which was begun some six years ago, when the Duke of Buckingham and Chandos was Lord President, as part of a plan which provided for another court of equal height on the west side of the museum. The court contains so many features of interest, that we merely observe, as a guide to intending visitors, that architecture is illustrated by examples of monuments

of the same size as the originals. These are from all century portraiture is wonderfully fine and delicate; it has countries, and include a portion of the column of Trajan been carefully cleaned and restored, and appropriately erected in Rome between the years 106 and 114 A.D., and framed, and, backed by a noble piece of quiet-toned old of which the late Emperor Napoleon had a cast made at tapestry, now hangs on the south side of the Abbey Rome at his own expense; Sir Christopher Wren's original sacrarium, not many yards from the tomb where the ill-fated model of St. Paul's lent by the dean and chapter; the Plantagenet monarch sleeps by the side of his Queen. chimney-piece from the Palais de Justice, Bruges, presented by the King of the Belgians; mosaics; ironwork by Huntington Shaw, the Nottingham blacksmith, rivalling that of Quentin Matsys; a marvellous rood-screen, from Bois-le-Duc; and architectural drawings. The court has cost 34,800l., of which sum 32,000l. was for the structure, and 2,800/. for the decorations; and the collection is probably the finest ever brought together in any European city.

FUSTIAN.-In the time of Queen Elizabeth, Manchester was notable for cottons, and Bolton for the fustian market. The Chethams of Crumpsal supplied the London market with this commodity. In the time of Chaucer, it appears that fustians were worn even by persons of rank, as"The knight of fustian, he werid a gipon, All besmottrid with his haburgeon."

Proceedings of Societies.

ANCIENT SEPULCHRE NEAR ALNWICK.-An ancient A gipon, or doublet, is here mentioned as having been made British tomb, lately opened at Windy-Edge, near Alnwick, of fustian. was found to contain a skeleton, and an earthenware vessel, of which the following illustration is an exact representation. The grave was situated at the extreme edge of a rising ground or hill, and lay due east and west. It was dug in a dry soil, measured four feet by three, and was constructed of limestone slabs covered by one of freestone. The skull and most of the bones were found, and were in a fair state of preservation, and the under-jaw was complete with every tooth in its place. From these it is inferred that

the skeleton is that of a young female. The urn or vessel is basin-shaped, and is about six inches in diameter, by five in height, and the size at the bottom is three inches and a-half. It is made of clay baked in the sun, and the ornamentation is of a very rough design, consisting of rudely-dotted lines round the top and centre, and a series of upright and horizontal lines arranged in squares alternately. This eastern portion of Northumberland was inhabited by the Otadeni some 1000 years before the invasion of the Romans, and this grave was probably that of one of these ancient inhabitants. The urn is in the possession of Mr. Cook, of Alnwick, who was instrumental in its discovery and preservation.

PORTRAIT OF RICHARD II.-The contemporary portrait of King Richard II. now hangs in the chancel of Westminster Abbey. This interesting relic of the craft of the mediæval limner used formerly to be in the famous Jerusalem Chamber. Some years ago, Mr. G. Scharf, the accomplished antiquarian draughtsman, made the remarkable discovery that this picture was, as it were, a pictorial palimpsest, the original subject having been repainted several times over at various periods. The later work was coarser and in every way inferior to the original painting, which has now been revealed by the skilful removal of the superimposed coatings. This genuine and almost unique specimen of fourteenth

ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.-A special meeting of the Royal Geographical Society was held on the 7th inst., in the theatre of London University, when the following papers were read:-1, "A Boat Journey up the River Wami," by Mr. C. Hill; 2, "Remarks on Zanzibar and the East Coast of Africa," by Sir Bartle Frere, who occupied the chair as the new president of the society. The theatre was unusually filled. Amongst those present were Sir H. Rawlinson (the late president), Sir T. Fremantle, Sir J. Hay, M.P., Sir H. Anderson, Lady Franklin, Sir F. Smyth, &c. Before the papers were read the Chairman referred to some correspondence which had been received from Africa, relative to Dr. Livingstone. The Secretary then read Mr. Hill's paper on the river Wami. The aspect of the country on both banks of the river was described. It was the opinion of Mr. Stanley that the river was navigable by steamers drawing two or three feet of water for 200 miles, but the opinion of the writer was that the river was not practically navigable for commercial purposes. With regard to the President's paper, "On Zanzibar," Sir Bartle Frere observed that the late expedition to Zanzibar was not meant as one of geographical discovery. It was a political expedition rather, and they did their best to perform it. But though it was not geographical, they were determined not to return empty-handed to the Royal Geographical Society. Accordingly, he and those who tion as they could collect, and that information was in the accompanied him picked up as much geographical informapaper he intended to read. But, as the secretary told him -and in these matters he felt bound to follow the judgment of the secretary-that the paper, if read, would prove rather dry, he proposed to speak to them of the salient points, which perhaps would be the most interesting mode of dealing with the subject. But before going into that subject he must express his regret at the absence of his friend Mr. Badger, as he would be able to describe to them the favourable reception he had got from the President of the Royal Geographical Society of Italy, and from King Victor Emmanuel. The president then proceeded to give a description of the aspect presented by the Eastern Coast of Africa. It was full of various and minute observations, which, of course, had necessarily to be repeated as the different portions of the coast were visited. The climate was hot, and fever prevailed in parts of the country, which, especially in particular localities, exhibited signs of extraordinary fertility. The people appeared to be intelligent, and seemed to be a mixture of Arabs and the original tribes. Towards the Abyssinian frontier the population presented more of a Caucasian type, and exhibited greater intelligence. The remarks of Sir Bartle Frere were listened to with deep attention, and were followed by an interesting discussion.

Notices of Books.

Holiday Papers of the Circle Club. A Series of Tales and Sketches.
London: Grant & Co. 1873.

THE literary and artistic society known as the Circle Club have
published their annual collection of Holiday Papers, and the result
is a pleasant and companionable little volume, well suited to while
away idle hours by country or sea-side. Mr. Alfred R. Phillips con-
tributes a spirited "Dramatic Story, in a Prologue and two Acts,"
illustrated by Mr. V. Bromley. Mr. Alfred Perceval Graves is
represented by an interesting poem called "Shiel the Singer ;" and
Mr. W. Jerrold Dixon, in "Mars in Clover," gives evidence of con-
siderable literary talent. His story is cleverly illustrated by Mr.
C. Birch. Mr. H. S. Marks, in the initial drawing, shows his usual
power of artistic characterization, and Mr. J. W. McIntyre's view of
Tantallon Castle, illustrating the account of the Douglases, by Mr.
A. H. Wall, is extremely effective. Mr. George Measom is the en-
graver, and has executed his work with ability.

The Englishwoman's Review of Social and Industrial Questions.
London: Trübner & Co. July, 1873.

THE Englishwoman's Review, which has grown into quite a standard
and representative publication of its kind, contains the usual quarterly
complement of information on subjects relating to the intellectual
and industrial well-being of women. One of its most useful and
practical features consists in the list of institutions, offices, homes,
and associations existing for the use and benefit of the upper, as well
as the humbler classes of women.

would afford repose and variety. As it is, action and scenes follow
closely upon each other with exciting rapidity. They would gain all
the more if relieved by a certain amount of descriptive writing.
which her talent is so signally endowed.
Miss Stredder owes this in justice to the energy and vigour with

Answers to Correspondents.

J. P. S. (Warrington).-Wright's "Court Hand Restored," published by Hotten, of Piccadilly; the "Early Record Commission Reports," "Dictionnaire des Abbreviations," and "Paléographie des Chartes," by Chasson, and obtained through Messrs. Bartlett, 186, Fleet-street, are the best guides we know of for deciphering mediæval MSS. For abbreviations, see the preface to Rotuli Normanniæ," and also the general introduction to "Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum," both by Sir T. Duffus Hardy, and among the Record publications.

J. T. S.-The rich wall-hangings known as "Gobelin tapestry," is so called from having been first manufactured at a royal establishment founded in 1666, at Paris, upon the spot where once stood the house of a celebrated French dyer, named Gilles Gobelin.

O. R. (Windsor.)-The "Memoirs" of Cardinal Pacca have been translated into English by Sir G. Head.

X-The translation of the Old Testament from Hebrew into Latin, by Leo Judah, was not completed by him, as that learned divine died before the work was finished. Judah was a native of Alsace, where

he was born in 1482.

S. R.-General Sir William Nott returned from India on the conclusion of the Affghan war, and died in 1845.

On Schools, as Centres of Children's Epidemics, and on the means of preventing them. A paper read at the Annual Congress of the Social Science Association, by Edwin Chadwick, C.B., London. THE highly interesting and useful sanitary improvements to which Mr. Chadwick so unremittingly devotes his energy and skill, claim the attention of all concerned in the great question of public health. Mr. Chadwick believes that the imperfect construction and ventilation of schools render these places of constant resort the most active centres of children's epidemics. He has, therefore, invented a new kind of tile, to be made of very cheap materials, and of which the outside surface may be painted any colour desired. These tiles are to have rabetted joints, and with a view to warming the apartment of which they are to form the floor, walls, and ceiling, a column of hot air may be maintained between the double row composing the sides, &c., of the room. The smooth, pleasant surface being easily washed, renders it far superior to the ordinary papering and painting. Thus, cleanliness and warmth are at once provided for. Mr. Chadwick also advocates half-time schools, believing that long hours only stupify the intelligence of children, and that as much can be learned in half the usual time. if the mind is kept fresh and bright by wholesome variety of occupation. The pamphlet is very suggestive, and; contains important facts and infor-bathing man, and Martha Gunn, the superintendent of the ladies' mation deserving extensive circulation.

Athalie; or, A Southern Villegiatura. By "Filia." Philadelphia:
Claxton, Remsen, and Haffelfinger. New Orleans: J. A.
Gresham, 1872.

THE literature reaching us from the Southern States of America is
comparatively so rare, that we welcome any occasional evidences of
intellectual activity with increased interest and curiosity. The present
story is from the pen of a lady residing in Texas, and well known
among the upper circles of society for her spirited and energetic efforts
on behalf of the education and improvement of classes hitherto
debarred from the great benefits of culture and

H. R. T.-The pastoral entitled "Colin Clout's come home again" was written by Edmund Spenser, and published in 1591.

H. K.-The "Act of Uniformity," which was passed in 1662, was sometimes called the "St. Bartholomew Act," because it was to take effect on the 24th of August, the feast of that apostle.

F. R. (Lewes.)-The song you allude to was very popular at Brighton
towards the end of the last century. The names in it have reference
to William Miles, commonly called "Old Smoaker," the principal
bathing department. The first verse of the song is as follows:-
"There's plenty of dippers and jokers,

And salt-water rigs for your fun;
The king of them all is "Old Smoaker,"
The queen of 'em "Old Martha Gunn."

J. Edwardes.-Rigby, of Harrick, co. Lancaster (1664): Arms· Argent, on a cross patonce azure, five mullets or. Crest-A goat's head erased, sable, armed or. Rigby, of Layton, co. Lancaster (1664) Arms-Bendy indented of six, argent and azure, on a chief sable, three cinquefoils or. Crest-A goat's head erased, sable, bezante, armed and tufted or. instruction.

"Athalie is a description of life in a large country house in the
South. The authoress has a bright and natural style, and writes
with characteristic appreciation of facts and individuals. We shall
look forward with interest to her future publications.

The Price of Silence. By Eleanor Stredder. 3 vols. London: T.
Cantley Newby, 1873.

THE plot of this novel is cleverly imagined, and is carried out with
consistency and skill. Its chief interest turns upon the disappearance
of a will, and the guilty persons in connection with the transaction
are the nearest relatives of the deceased testator. The evil effects of
secret-mongering are well exemplified throughout the story. The
heroine, a gentle and amiable girl, by her weakness in resistance, and
her steadfastness in self-sacrifice, becomes the victim of the cupidity
and love of power of her elder brother-the villain of the tale. Miss
Stredder, as usual, excels in telling delineations of character, which
have the merit of being well sustained to the end of the book. She
has a penchant for effective situations, and she exhibits much address
in arranging these. Her personages are certainly lifelike, and the
energy and precision with which they are sketched suggests their
being transcripts from real life. Mrs. Tregarron, the haughty and
overbearing mother; Irene, the wilful and independent-but who
develops into the good genius of the family drama; the yielding and self-
torturing but conscientious Erminia, with various others, strike us as
highly probable portraits of actual individuals. The author's forte
appears to be in penetrating and revealing the motives and actions
of human beings, rather than in description. A somewhat freer in-
troduction of the latter would, however, be an improvement, and

NOTICES.

Correspondents who reply to queries would oblige by referring to the volume and page where such queries are to be found. To omit this gives us unnecessary trouble. A few of our correspondents are slow to comprehend that it is desirable to give not only the reference to the query itself, but that such reference should also include all previous replies. Thus a reply given to a query propounded at page 4, Vol. iii., to which a previous reply had been given at page 20, and another at page 32, requires to be set down (Vol. iii. 4, 20, 32).

We shall be glad to receive contributions from competent and capable persons accomplished in literature or skilled in archæology, and generally from any intelligent reader who may be in possession of facts, historical or otherwise, likely to be of general interest.

Communications for the Editor should be addressed to the Publishing Office, 81A, Fleet Street, London, E.C.