she3 frowns, and afterwards she3 smiles again.

In

Turkey people salute only with the right hand, and it is even considered a very great affront to employ the left one for that purpose. To a generous mind history2 shows the noble progress of mankind2; to mean souls it is only a mirror of their own baseness. In a certain book of a celebrated writer, we find the following passage: "During the reign of Queen2 Elizabeth, many Protestant families came from the Netherlands to England; and soon after they rewarded their new home with the introduction of arts and industry."

1 Translate, shines-smiles. See Gram. p. 16, the remark at the bottom.

2 Translate, the fortune-of the mankind the queen. See Gram. pp. 80, 81.

3 What is the antecedent to which she refers? Mind that the pronouns always agree in number and gender with their antecedents.

4 The left one: translate, the left, as you say in English, the wise, the rich.

5 What is the antecedent of

it ?

6

After nachher. Mind the difference between after (as a preposition) nach, (as an adverb) nachher, and (as a conjunction) nachdem.

Yesterday gestern, to rain regnen, to day heute, to shine scheinen, in the same manner eben so, then dann, to frown zürnen, afterwards hernach, Turkey Türkei, f.; people die Leute, only nur, even segar, very sehr, affront Schimpf, m.; it is considered es gilt für (what case is governed by the preposition für?), for that purpose zu diesem Endzweck, to employ gebrauchen (infinitive with zu, see Gram. p. 112, b. Mind where the infinitive is to be placed), generous edel, history Geschichte, f.; to show zeigen, noble herrlich, mankind Menschheit, f.; mean gemein, mirror Spiegel, m.; baseness Niedrigteit, f.; celebrated berühmt, writer Schriftsteller, m.; the passage die Stelle, protestant (as an adjective) protestantisch, home Heimath, f.; the introduction Einführung, f.; of arts (the genitive is here to be expressed by von. See Grammar p. 90. 2), the art Kunst, f.; industry Kunstfleiß, m.

III.

[Where is the verb to be placed in the dependent and relative sentences? See Gram. p. 65, B.]

Ignorant people usually scorn those1 things which are above their understanding. People respect such2 men as 2 respect themselves. Throughout my life, I have learned that a brave man's best3 friend is himself. By repeated losses we learn, that nothing is stable in this world. With a good conscience we may despise what fools say of us, and knaves attempt against us. We always find that those people are the most enterprising, who speak the least of their plans.

1 Those (as antecedent to a relative pronoun) diejenigen,

or die.

2 As, referring to such for its antecedent is to be rendered by the respective case of the relative pronoun, welcher, or der.

3 Declension of the adjective, without any article preceding it. 4 Himself (being here the nominative case) er selbst.

5 Durd (when meaning by

means of). Mind that the German preposition bei is not correspondent with the English by.

6 How is the superlative formed in German? See Grammar p. 47, and mind No. 3 of the same chapter, respecting the declensional ending. The participles, when used as adjectives, are declined according to the same rules.

Usually gewöhnlich, above über (here with the dative case), understanding Verständniß, n.; to respect achten, repeated wiederholt (see Gram. p. 72, R. 3), the loss der Verlust, throughout my life, say, in my whole life; to attempt wagen, to enterprise unternehmen, stable beständig, the least am wenigsten.

III. b.

I have always hated those people who speak to all the world in sweet and smooth words, because1 I have 2 always found that their words are just like sweet honey, which is3 given with a bitter pill. Cowards generally praise their own courage, when an expected 5 danger has not happened; but they never prove it when the danger is present. The Phoenicians steered to coasts which had not been visited 8 by ships before, although they did 10 not know the use of the compass. Alexander the it is uncertain

We know that

Great was buried in Alexandria; but

box which is9

whether he was really enclosed in the shown as his coffin in the British Museum, or whether his tomb was destroyed together with the temple in which his mausoleum was erected.12 Travellers tell us, that in the Dead Sea, at low water, sunken pillars and masonry are visible; from this circumstance we might 13 guess 14 the spot where Sodom and Gomorrah perished. It is not decided in which 15 town the first watches were made, whether at Harlem or at Nuremberg; but it is an undoubted fact, that they were first called Nuremberg eggs. We do10 not know with certainty, who 16 was the inventor of gunpowder, as it seems that the Chinese made use of it long before it became known in Europe. The extravagance of our wishes is often the reason why we very lose advantages which 17 it would be possible to attain, whilst we pursue those which lie beyond the limits of 18 probability.

1 Because (as a conjunction) weil.

2 Say, I found (imperf.) finden (irreg.).

3 What is the auxiliary verb of the passive voice? 4 Omit own.

5 To expect erwarten, verb compounded with an enclitical syllable. How do such verbs form their participle past? See Gram. pp. 69, 70. Mind the declensional ending.

6 But aber, copulative conjunction, like und, &c. See Gram. p. 68.

7 The Phoenicians die Phdnizier: thus, die Armenier, die Indier, die Perser, &c.

8 Mind the passive voice. What is its auxiliary verb, and how is its pluperfect formed?

9 Bon: see note 5 of the preceding section. Von is the preposition generally

To all the world mit Jedermann, smooth glatt, just like gerade wie, generally gewöhnlich, to prove beweisen, to visit besuchen, enclosed eingeschlossen, museum Museum, n.; mausoleum Grabmal, n.; the Dead Sea das todte Meer, at low water bei niederem Wasser, sunken versunken, may können (irregular imperfect of the subjunctive), to perish untergehen, irreg.; decided entschieden, first zuerst, Nuremberg eggs Nürnberger Eier, extravagance Uebertreibung, f.; reason Grund, m.; advantage Vortheil, m.

IV.

[Where is the verb to be placed when the principal sentence is after the dependent? See Gram. p. 68, C.]

When Hannibal approached, Rome trembled for her1 liberty. When Alexander the Great was dead,

4

his immense empire was divided. When William the Conqueror first set his foot on 2 British ground, he stumbled. When the frogs croak, bad weather is3 threatening; when fools are busy, it forebodes some mischief. When the sun rises, the owls fly from its light; when truth is victorious, hypocrites and parasites complain of bad times. Although the Egyptians had no steam-engines, they moved the greatest weights. Since 6 no man looks into our heart, our actions must show its contents; and when we hear people complain that no one looks into their heart, it is almost a sure proof that it would not be worth the while to look into it. As long as you are happy, you will have many friends; when the hour of misfortune arrives, a few9 only will remain; and since, therefore, we know our true 10 friends only in misfortune, it is perhaps not so desirable to know them at all.

1 Her; Rom, like all proper names of towns, is of neuter gender, therefore say, its.

2 On auf, here with the accusative.

3 Is threatening, see Exercise, II., note 1.

4 What is the antecedent of its? Mind that in German die Sonne the sun, is of feminine, and der Mond the moon, is of masculine gender.

5 To complain of klagen über, with the accusative.

6 Since, as a conjunction,

William the Conqueror Wilhelm der Eroberer, to forebode bedeuten, some mischief ein Unglück, to rise (of the sun) auf