1. 335. was run ;-a Latinism. So Milton (History of England, ii.) says 'now was fought eagerly on both sides' ('utrumque magno clamore concurritur,' Sallust, Jugurtha, 53. 2).

1. 336. So the wounded Hector is borne off. Cf. Iliad, xiv. 428.

1. 344. Keightley quotes a passage from Rabelais, iii. 13, to the effect that though devils cannot be killed with a sword, they may suffer solution of continuity.

1. 349. Like the Ghost in Hamlet (i. 1) as the air, invulnerable.'

1. 350. Pliny (Nat. Hist. i. 7) says of God, 'quacunque in parte, totus est sensus, totus visus, totus auditus, totus animae, totus animi, totus sui.' 1. 359. 2 Kings xix. 22.

1. 362. uncouth;-See Lycidas 186, note.

1. 363. Raphael modestly speaks of himself in the third person. Adam knew not his name.

1. 365. Adrammelech ;—mighty king (2 Kings xviii. 31). Asmadai is the rabbinical name of Asmodeus, the lustful and destroying spirit mentioned in the Book of Tobit.

1. 368. plate is the solid armour, mail that of scales or of chain-work. 1. 371. Ariel Lion of God; Arioch - Fierce Lion.

1=

6

6 The violence of Ramiel' (Exaltation of God) is for Ramiel himself like the violentia Turni' in Aeneid, xi. 376.

1. 382. illaudable; unpraised, like 'illaudati' in Virgil (Georgics, iii. 5).

1. 391. what stood;-in opposition to that part of the host which lay overturn'd.'

1. 399. Cf. As those smaller squares in battle unite in one great cube, the main phalanx, an emblem of truth and stedfastness.' (Reason of Church Government.)

1. 406. Milton had in view the end of the Eighth and the beginning of the Ninth Books of the Iliad.

1. 407. inducing;—bringing in, as in Horace, Satires, i. 5. 9. 'In this glorious and well-foughten field.'

1. 410. Cf.

(Henry V. iv. 6.)

1. 428. Of future;—as regards the future—the classical use of the genitive. (Horace, Satires, i. I. 35.)

1. 434. So Prometheus comforts himself with the thought of his immortality (schylus, Prometheus Vinctus 933).

1. 447. Nisroch;—a god of the Ninevites (2 Kings xix. 37).

1. 467. to me;-in my opinion. Cf. Latin use of the dative (mibi).

1. 483. infernal flame;—i. e. the

fiery spume' of line 479. 1. 484. bollow engines. Ariosto (Orlando Furioso, ix. 28) and Spenser (Faery Queene, I. vii. 13) both attribute the invention of fire-arms to the devil.

6

1. 496. cheer;-countenance. Cotgrave translates Fr. chère by face, look, aspect.' Ital. cera, Span. cara. Shakespeare has 'cheer' in this sense, 'pale of cheer' (Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2); a merry cheer' (Merchant of Venice, iii. 2).

1. 502. In future days, &c.;—Cf. the prophetic intimation of Dido (Aeneid, iv. 625).

1. 520. pernicious;—quick, speedy (Lat. pernix).

1. 521. conscious night;-cf. 'Quorum nox conscia sola est' (Ovid, Metamorphoses xiii. 15).

1. 526. matin trumpet;-the 'mattutina tromba' of Tasso (Gierusalemme Liberata, xi. 19).

1. 527. panoply ;-full armour (τavonλía).

1. 539. Milton appears to have in view Iliad ii. 786, where Iris warns the Trojans of the approach of their foes.

1. 535. The metaphor of a cloud to express multitude is found in Iliad, iv. 274, Aeneid, vii. 793, and Hebrews xii. I.

1. 541. sad; serious, stedfast.

So used by Chaucer, who calls the populace stormy people, unsad and ever untrue' (Canterbury Tales 8871). and Spenser (Faery Queene, I, i. 2).

1. 546. barb'd. The barb' was the reverse side or jag of an arrow's point. (Lat. barba, Fr barbe.)

1. 547. Cf. Lucretius, iii. 105 admonuit memorem.'

1. 548, impediment;-baggage (the Lat. impedimenta).

1. 553. training;- i. e. drawing his train of artillery (Fr. trainer).

1. 568. This scoffing scene has its parallels in Iliad xvi. Aeneas jests at Meriones for avoiding a spear, with an allusion to the dancing of the Cretans (the countrymen of Meriones); and Patroclus ironically commends the skill in diving shewn by Hector's charioteer, who had fallen headlong from the chariot.

1.572. By this he would seem to mean three succesive rows or tires of cannon; for one cannot conceive how cannon that were drawn could be ranged over each other like the guns of a battery or man-of-war. (Keightley.)

1. 573. There were no pillars in Paradise, and no trees had as yet been felled on earth. (Keightley.)

1. 576. stony mould. Bishop Pearce mentions that stone cannon were to be seen at Delft in Holland, and conjectures that Milton may have seen some abroad.

1. 578. bollow truce;-Raphael continues the pun in his narrative.

1. 581. amus'd;-thrown into a muse, or reverie.

1. 586. Cf. Othello's farewell (iii. 3):

"O you mortal engines, whose rude throats

The immortal Jove's dread clamours counterfeit.'

1. 598. dissipation;-scattering. Cf. dissipation of cohorts' (Lear, i. 2).

1. 599. serried;-cf. i. 548 (note).

1. 613. composition;-referring to ll. 513-515.

1. 619. result;-rebound (Lat. resultare) i. e. we shall make them dance

again.

1. 625. understand.

This is Launce's quibble (Two Gentlemen of

Verona, ii. 5).

1. 635. Rage... found them arms;—Aeneid, i. 150.

1. 642. Ezekiel i. 14.

1. 656. Their armour, &c. There is a similar jingle in Faery Queene, I. xi. 27. Thucydides (vi. 40) says of a storm that it helped the fear' of those who were fighting for the first time.

1. 666. in dismal shade;-a reminiscence of the saying of the Spartan Dieneces at Thermopylae, we shall fight in the shade' (Herodotus vii. 226). 1. 669. all Heav'n. In the first day's battle a less effect was produced. Cf. line 218, and Iliad, viii. 130.

1. 673. sum of things;-the main of line 698. 'Summa rerum' is used by Caesar for the general interest' (De Bello Gallico, iii. 51).

1. 674. advis'd is used adverbially, and='consulto.' Cf. Horace's use of 'prudens' (Satires i. 10. 87, ii. 7. 66).

1. 679. assessor;-so the Son is called by some of the Fathers.

1. 681. Colossians i. 15.

1. 709. Psalm xlv. 7, and (at 713) 3, 4.

1. 725. John xvii. 4, 5, and afterwards 21, 23.

1. 732. 1 Corinthians xv. 24, 28; Psalm cxxxix. 21.

1. 739. 2 Peter ii. 4; Mark ix. 44

1. 748. sacred morn is Homeric. (Iliad, xi. 84.)

1. 749. Ezekiel i. The description of the chariot follows closely that given in the first chapter.

1. 755. Cf. line 848. Prometheus (Æschylus, Prometheus Vinctus, 356) describes the baleful lightning flashed from the eyes of Typhon.

1. 756. beryl is of a sea-green colour (Exodus xxviii. 20).

careering;-a metaphor from the tilt-yard. To pass or run the career (Fr. carrière) was to advance to the charge in a tourney. Benedick says, ‘I shall meet your wit in the career if you charge it against me' (Much Ado about Nothing, v. 1).

1. 760. An allusion to the 'panoply,' 'whole armour of God' (Ephesians vi. 11), and to the breastplate of Aaron (Exodus xxviii.). Urim=lights, brilliancy, i. e. of precious stones.

1. 762. The Roman general, at his triumph, bore in his chariot an image of Victory. Cf. last line of Richard III. v. 3.

1. 764. In Milton's Latin epigram, the inventor of gunpowder is said

'Et trifidum fulmen surripuisse Jovi.'

1. 766. bickering;—skirmishing. So used by Milton, in his Eikonoclastes, of the attempted arrest of the five members. Charles, he says, 'departed only to turn his slashing at the court-gate to slaughtering in the field; his disorderly bickering into a disorderly invading. Perhaps the word is here nearly flickering' (coruscans). Cf. Psalm xviii. 8, and 1. 3.

1. 767. Jude 14; Psalm lxviii. 17.

1. 771. Psalm xviii. 10.

1. 775. great ensign;-Matthew xxiv. 30. Probably the cross is meant. 1. 779. Romans xii. 5; Colossians i. 18.

1. 782. Habakkuk iii. 6.

1. 787. Aeneid, ii. 354. Cf. also 'Saepe desperatio spei causa est' (Quintus Curtius, v. 4).

1. 788. Aeneid, i. 11.

1. 761. bard'ned more;-like Pharaoh. Exodus xiv. 8.

1. 797. last. Tickell and Bentley read 'lost.'

1. 801. Exodus xiv. 13, 14.

1. 808. Deuteronomy xxxii. 35; Romans xii. 19.

1. 832. Gloomy as night;—cf. Iliad, xii. 462.

1. 832. burning wheels;-cf. Daniel vii. 9.

1. 833. Job xxvi. II.

1. 838. Iliad, xv. 323.

1. 840. In the Apology for Smectymnuus, Zeal, ' armed in diamond,' drives in 'his fiery chariot' over scarlet prelates. (Keightley.)

1. 841. Spenser so accents prostráte, e. g. (Faery Queene, III. xii. 39) Before fair Britomart she fell prostrate.'

1. 842. Revelation vi. 16. again;-alluding to 1. 655.

1. 853. balf his strength;-Hesiod (Theogny 688) makes Zeus put forth all his strength in his struggle with the Titans. Milton took a hint from Psalm 1xxviii. 38.

1. 859. Job vi. 4; Isaiah li. 20. Virgil uses turbations as drive people mad (Georgics, iii. 511;

474.)

1. 863. Cf. Iliad, xii. 52.

furiae' for such perAeneid, i. 41, iv. 376,

1. 868. ruining ;-rushing down in ruins. Cf. ii. 995.

1. 871. Nine days.—So Hesiod (Theogny 722) of the fall of the Titans. Cf. i. 50.

1. 875. Yawning. Isaiah v. 14. Shakespeare has though Hell itself should gape' (Hamlet, i. 2).

1. 878. So Tasso makes the world rejoice and lay aside its mournful look, when the evil spirits are driven to hell (Gierusalemme Liberata, ix. 66).

1. 879. returning. This participle refers to 'wall,' implied in the mural breach or the breach of the wall;' the wall (not the breach) returning whence it rolled.

1. 882. Revelation xii 10.

1. 885. Revelation vii. 9.

1.888. Revelation iv. II. celebrated;-i. e. in triumph. The progress of a Roman general to the Capitol was evidently in Milton's thoughts.

1. 891. 1 Timothy iii. 16; Hebrews i. 3.

1. 909. weaker;-alluding to 1 Peter iii. 7.

VARIOUS READINGS.

(Selected from the list in the editions of Keightley and Todd.)

1. 143.

Nativity Ode.

Th' enamell'd arras of the rainbow wearing,
And mercy set between. (ed. 1645.)

[The reading in the text is from ed. 1673.]

1. I.

Comus.

A Guardian Angel or Daemon.

Amidst th' Hesperian gardens, on whose banks,
Bedew'd with nectar and celestial songs,
Eternal roses grow [yield, bloom] and hyacinth,
And fruits of golden rind, on whose fair tree
The scaly harnest Dragon ever keeps
His uninchanted eye; around the verge
And sacred limits of this blissful isle
The jealous ocean, that old river, winds
His far-extended arms, till with steep fall
Half his waste flood the wild Atlantic fills,
And half the slow unfathom'd Stygian pool.
[I doubt me, gentle mortals, these may seem
Strange distances to hear, and unknown climes 1]
But soft, I was not sent to court your wonder
With distant worlds and strange removed climes,
Yet thence I come; and oft from thence behold
The smoke and stir of this dim narrow spot, &c.

After line 7:

Beyond the written date of mortal change. 11. 62, 63. And in thick covert of black shade imbowr'd Excels his mother at her potent art.

1. 67.

1. 92.

Weak intemperate thirst.

Of virgin steps
Goes out. COMUs enters, with a charming rod and a
glass of liquor, with his rout all beaded like some
wild beasts, their garments some like men's and
some like women's. They come on in a wild and
antic fashion. Intrant kwμáČwvTES.

1 These two lines are struck out.