THE LIFE OF QUEEN ELIZABETH

32. Compurgator. A person who swore to his belief in the innocence of one on trial. 69. A fit of the mother. A pun on the old meaning of mother-hysteria. 135. 121. Ascham. See note on The Good Schoolmaster, above.

138. Et si ... pudor. And if that womanly bashfulness of mine.

136. 188. Latter Lammas. This rendering of Græcas Calendas is explained by the fact that neither a Greek calends nor a later Lammas (a church festival on August first) exists; the latter term was used ironically for "never."

211. Semper eadem. Always the same. 231. This anagrammatist. Edmund Campion, an English Jesuit, executed for treason in 1581.

271. Cordial. Invigorating.

WALTON

THE COMPLETE ANGLER

137. 1. Piscator. The Complete Angler is written in the form of dialogue; the chief characters are Piscator, the Fisherman, and Venator, the Hunter, who is the pupil. 9. Gesner. Conrad Gesner (1516-1565), a Swiss naturalist.

36. Mercator. Gerard Mercator (15121594), famous for his contributions to geographical science.

The

138. 125. Albertus. Albertus Magnus (1206?1280), a scholastic philosopher. 160. History of Life and Death. Latin Historia Vita et Mortis, 1623. 139. 221. The Royal Society. The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge was incorporated 15 July, 1662. See Huxley's essay "On the Necessity of Improving Natural Knowledge," p. 720.

275. Make a catch. Sing a "round." 140. 337. Kit Marlow. Christopher Marlowe. Marlowe's song and Raleigh's answer were both printed in England's Helicon (1600).

359. A syllabub of new verjuice. A sort of custard made of cream and fruit juice.

145. 2. Cerberus. A three-headed dog, guardian of the gateway of Hades.

10. Cimmerian. Cimmeria was a land in which, according to Homer, the sun never shone.

12. Euphrosyne. Mirth.

29. Hebe. The goddess of youth.

146. 45. Then to come in spite of sorrow. The passage has been much disputed about. The interpretation which seems most satisfactory is that L'Allegro finds pleasure in hearing the song of the lark in the early morning, and then in coming to the window to look out through sweet briar and eglantine, to bid good morrow to the new day.

67. Tells his tale. Counts his sheep.
83. Corydon, Thyrsis, etc. Conventional
names in pastoral verse.

103. She
he. Persons who are
telling the stories.

125. Hymen. The god of marriage.
132. Jonson's learned sock. Actors in
classical comedy wore a low-heeled
soccus, or slipper. Jonson's plays were
famous for the scholarly learning they
embodied.

147. 145. Orpheus. According to the Greek myths, Orpheus was the most wonderful of all human musicians. Pluto consented to let Eurydice return with her husband to the earth, but Orpheus, by looking back to be sure she was following, broke the terms of his agreement with Pluto, and Eurydice remained in Hades. Hence the phrase," half-regained."

IL PENSEROSO

10. Morpheus. The god of sleep.

18. Prince Memnon's sister. Memnon was a handsome king of the Ethiopians, according to Homer. Milton here assumes

88. Thrice-great Hermes. Hermes Trismegistus, a learned Egyptian.

99. Thebes ... Pelops' line . . . Troy. All subjects of Greek tragic poetry. 101. The reference here may be to Shakespeare's tragedies.

102. Buskined. The buskin was the high-heeled boot worn by actors in classical tragedy; opposed to the sock of L'Allegro, 1. 132.

104. Musæus. A mythical Greek poet, sometimes called the son of Orpheus.

109. Him that left half-told. The reference is to Chaucer, who left his Squire's Tale unfinished.

120. Where more is meant than meets the ear. Where there is an allegorical meaning. Milton probably had Spenser's Faerie Queene in mind.

122. Civil-suited. Soberly dressed, like a citizen.

124. Attic boy. Cephalus, whom Aurora loved.

134. Sylvan. Sylvanus, one of the woodland deities.

148. His wings. Sleep's wings.

158. Massy proof. Able to support the weight resting on them.

159. Storied. With Biblical stories in stained glass.

LYCIDAS

Lycidas. A pastoral name, taken from classical poetry. A learned friend. Edward King, a fellow student with Milton at Christ's College, Cambridge.

1. Yet once more. Milton is taking up the writing of poetry after a lapse of a few years since the time Comus was written.

149. 15. Sisters of the sacred well. The Muses; the Pierian spring, on Mount Helicon.

23. Nursed upon the self-same hill. Attended the same university. Milton adopts the poetical convention of representing his characters as shepherds.

36. Damotas. The reference is possibly to Milton's college tutor.

54. Mona. The island of Anglesey.

55. Deva. The river Dee.

58. The Muse. Calliope.

62. His gory visage. Orpheus was slain

by Thracian women, and his head cast into the river Hebrus.

149. 65. Shepherd's trade. The art of poetry. 68. Amaryllis . . . Neæra. Conventional pastoral names for women.

75. Blind Fury. Atropos, not one of the Furies, but the Fate who cuts the thread of life.

150. 77. Phœbus. The god of poetry.

79. Glistering foil. Glittering tinsel; gold leaf.

85. Arethuse. Arethusa, a Sicilian spring, symbolic of Greek pastoral poetry. 86. Mincius. A stream in Italy, near which Virgil was born. Vocal. Used for shepherds' pipes.

88. Oat. Oaten pipe; symbolic of pastoral verse.

89. The herald of the sea. Triton, son of Neptune, comes in Neptune's plea "; that is, to defend his father.

96. Hippotades. Eolus, god of the winds. 99. Panope. One of the Nereids, or seanymphs.

103. Camus.

The genius of the river Cam, beside which stands Cambridge University.

104. Sedge. Coarse grass and reeds along
the river bank.

106. That sanguine flower. The hyacinth,
whose petals the Greeks fancied to be
marked with the word meaning alas.
109. The pilot. St. Peter.

115. The fold. The church.

119. Blind mouths. For an excellent exposition of the phrase cf. Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies.

126. Wind and rank mist. False teachings of the unprincipled clergy.

128. The grim wolf. The Roman Catho-
lic Church, which was actively proselyting
at the time.

130. Two-handed engine. Milton has in
mind some instrument of retribution
which will punish the corrupt clergy.
132. Alpheus. A river god, here sym-
bolical of pastoral poetry. Milton here
ends his digression on the state of the
church.

151. 149. Amaranthus. The amaranth, symbolic of immortality.

151. Laureate. Crowned with laurel.
158. The monstrous world. The ocean,
abode of monsters.

160. Bellerus. The Latin name for
Land's End had been Bellerium, and
Milton coins Bellerus as the name of an
imaginary hero after whom the promon-
tory was called.

161. The guarded mount. St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall, where the Archangel Michael was said to have appeared.

162. Namancos and Bayona. On the coast of Spain.

184. In thy large recompense. As a reward.

189. His Doric lay. His pastoral song.

154. 6. Heavenly Muse.

Milton is inventing a Muse of Hebrew poetry, and appealing to her for aid in accordance with the classical epic formula.

15. The Aonian mount. Mount Helicon, here symbolizing Greek poetry.

155. 74. As from the center thrice to the utmost pole. The distance between Heaven and Hell was three times the radius of the world. The diagram opposite represents approximately Milton's conception of the universe.

156. 129. Seraphim. Plural form; the seraphim were supposed to be the highest in rank of all the angels.

167. If I fail not. Unless I am mistaken. 197-201. The fables, etc. According to Greek mythology the Titans warred on Saturn, and the giants rebelled against Jove. Briareos, according to one legend, was a giant; Typhon, son of Tartarus and Gaea, was a Titan. Leviathan, the sea monster of the Bible, was identified with the whale.

158. 288. The Tuscan artist. Galileo, whom Milton met while travelling in Italy. 289. Fesole. Fiesole, a hill near Florence. 290. Valdarno. The valley of the Arno. 303. Vallombrosa. Near Florence, in Tuscany, the ancient Etruria.

305. Orion. The constellation Orion, or the Huntsman, supposed to bring foul weather.

307. Busiris. Here meaning the Pharaoh of the exodus. Memphian. Memphis was the ancient capital of Egypt.

309. Goshen. The portion of Egypt in which the Jews resided before the exodus. 159. 341. Warping. Usually explained

as

Charlemain and all his peerage. Charle-
magne and his twelve knights are the
heroes of the Chanson de Roland, which
gives an account of their defeat in the
pass of Roncesvalles, not far from Fon-
tarabbia.

163. 674. The work of sulphur. It was form-
erly believed that ores could not exist
independent of sulphur.

678. Mammon. God of riches.
164. 720. Belus, Serapis. The first an As-
syrian god, the second an Egyptian.

728. Cressets. Hanging iron vessels,
open at the top, containing a burning
illuminant.

737. Orders. The nine ranks of angels in
the celestial hierarchy.

738. His name. Hephæstus, the Greek
god of fire; analogous to the Latin Vulcan.
739. Ausonian land. Italy.

165. 756. Pandemonium. "The hall of all
the devils." Milton coined the word on
the analogy of Pantheon, "the hall of all
the gods.'

769. The Sun with Taurus rides. The
sun is in the sign of Taurus, or the Bull,
from the middle of April till the middle
of May. Cf. Chaucer's Prologue, 1. 7.

BOOK II

2. Ormus. The island of Hormuz in the
Persian Gulf.

167. 74. That forgetful lake. The lake of
liquid fire into which the angels had fallen.
100. At worst on this side nothing. In
as bad a condition as we can be and still
exist.

168. 152. Let this be good. Granting that
absolute annihilation be good.

169. 224. For happy. As regards happiness.
170. 336. To our power. To the extent of our
power.

173. 531. The goal. The turning-post in a
chariot race.

539. Typhoean rage. Rage like that of
Typhon, who, according to the fables,
was imprisoned beneath a volcano.
542. Alcides. Hercules.

174. 592. Serbonian bog. An Egyptian lake,
near the city of Damietta and Mt. Casius.
638. Bengala. Bengal.

639. Ternate and Tidore. Two of the
Molucca Islands.

the gryphons for the gold which the
monsters guarded.
180. 1029. The utmost orb. The outermost of

the ten concentric spheres which, accord-
ing to Ptolemaic astronomy, constituted
the universe; at the center was the earth.

BOOK XII

604. He ended. The archangel Michael,
who had been sent to drive Adam and
Eve out of Paradise.

AREOPAGITICA

181. "I wrote my Areopagitica," said Milton
in his Defensio Secunda, "in order to
deliver the press from the restraints with
which it was encumbered; that the power
of determining what was true and what
was false, what ought to be published
and what to be suppressed, might no
longer be entrusted to a few illiterate and
illiberal individuals, who refused their
sanction to any work which contained
views or sentiments at all above the level
of the vulgar superstition." The treatise
appeared in November, 1644, four months
after the defeat of Rupert at Marston
Moor, and when Milton felt confident
that the Parliamentary cause would
prosper. The immediate occasion was
the enactment, in June, 1643, of an order
forbidding the printing or sale of any book
that had not been properly licensed.
14. Those fabulous dragon's teeth. The
dragon's teeth, sown by Jason, sprang
up armed men.

46. The thing. The custom of requiring
a license.

182. 58. Lullius. Raymond Lully, a scientist
of the thirteenth century. Sublimate.

extract.

67. That unapocryphal vision. See Acts,
X: 9-16.

85. Mr. Selden. John Selden (1584-
1654), a writer on law and constitutional
history and member of Parliament for
Oxford University.

107. Omer. A measure, mentioned in
Exodus, xvi: 18. It was between half and
four-fifths of a gallon.

128. Seeds which were imposed on
Psyche. The story, told in Apuleius's
Golden Ass, pictures Venus as punishing
Psyche for winning the love of Cupid by
forcing her to arrange in proper piles all
the seeds of a vast heap of mixed grain.
The ants, taking pity on Psyche, per-
formed the labor for her.

164. Scotus; Aquinas. Duns Scotus,
(1265-1308), a famous mathematician;
Thomas Aquinas (1224?-1274), the "an-
gelic doctor" of the scholastic philos-
ophers.

183. 166. Guyon. The knight of temperance,
hero of Book II of the Faerie Queene.
181. It. The licensing act.

183. 187. Pluralities. The churchman who
was the possessor of several benefices
was said to hold a plurality.

219. Ferular. Rod. Fescu. Pointer.
220. Imprimatur. Let it be printed; the
word signifying that the book had been
licensed for publication.

247. Palladian. Pertaining to Pallas
Athene, goddess of wisdom.

184. 359. Pyrrhus. After the battle of Hera-
clea (280 B. C.) Pyrrhus declared that
if he had Roman soldiers the control of
the world would be easy.

185. 412. Janus. The two-faced god of the
Romans, whose temple doors were opened
only in war-time.

426. Beyond the discipline of Geneva.
Beyond what seems proper to the Pres-
byterians.

459. The old Proteus. Proteus, the sea
god, whose power of assuming many
forms has given its significance to the
adjective Protean, prophesied when bound
in chains.

464. Micaiah before Ahab. See 1 Kings,
xxii: 13-15.

186. 502. Many subdichotomies. Many minor
subdivisions.

187. 613. She is now fallen from the stars.
The Star-chamber court was abolished in
1641.

620. These sophisms and elenchs of
merchandise. False arguments used
by the bookselling trade.

PEPYS

THE DIARY

23. The Covenant. The Scottish Cove-
nant, or agreement for the conduct of the
church, was promulgated in 1638; in 1643
the "Solemn League and Covenant"
between the Parliamentary forces and
Scotland was signed, providing for the
abolition in England of Popery and
Prelacy. In 1662 Charles abrogated the
covenants.

34. My Lord. Sir Edward Montagu, to
whom Pepys was secretary, and who
afterwards secured Pepys's appointment
as Clerk of the Acts in the Navy Office.
39. The Long Reach. The part of the
river between Erith and Gravesend.
188. 73. Trimmed in the morning. Thus
Pepys records his visits to the barber.
108. His escape from Worcester.
1651 Cromwell won what he called the
crowning mercy at Worcester, when
he defeated Charles II and his army of
Scottish supporters.

In

143. Wide canons. Ornaments attached
to the legs of a pair of breeches.
167. General Monk. Cromwell's old
companion-in-arms, whose decision to
welcome Charles II was largely influen-
tial in bringing about the Restoration.
190. 301. The Three Cranes. A tavern on
upper Thames Street.