Blost convenient Imall map (England) - 8 single sheer 1,2 Gardner from Greenough's Large map - England &re r Geolog. Socuty London. 、 、 Interesting Treatise on Consistency Geology & Scripture, Newhaven (Anurico) 1833 8 Prof. "Silliman as a supple-munt lo an Amuritan edition, 、 Bakewell's Geology, 1835. · ση 、 Some admirable articles Consistency Genes. I. of phenomena. of Gedagy & X: Absover, May, Juni, July, Aug. 1834 For information M/S Minical character torgavier remains of strata. De la Bedies Manual of Geology, Cancy bear & Phillip's Geolopy of England & Wales. Bakewells Introduction to Leology, 1833 Comey bear's Admirable Report & Got" & Bris. Assoc. 1832 Buckland's maugural Lec. Oxford 1889. Quan. Rev. Sept. 1826. (U41 Earthquakes (1) Bit. Citic, họ ỵ. Jan. 1831 Bishop Blomfield Sermon a18 King's College. Siv. J. F. 1. Heriduls Discourse on 5 Study Nat. Philos. r 、 Greenough's Critical Exam". 8 Pt Principly Z1017 "a ada facts & comments 2 interest/-5 thaniell Parkinson's Organic Remanes / delightful math." / 5 Mantell Iwald Dr Fleming's Memoir on & Seological Deluge, Edin. Philos. Journal, F. 14. p. 205 、 Review Fleming 20072-1827 The Stralified rocks / Europe thickness 10 mile I found deeper or upper hart is experficial deposit During the horied if is rocks not less G 415, or no living species is found at more than to of the above copile of OF GEOLOGY 1. GEOLOGY is that science which treats of the materials composing the earth's crust, their mode of arrangement, and the causes which seem to have produced that arrange ment. 2. By the earth's crust is meant that external shell or covering of solid matter which is accessible to man's investigation. The highest mountains do not rise five miles above the level of the sea, and the deepest mines descend only about a third part of a mile, so that, even were we perfectly acquainted with the entire space between the top of the highest mountain and the bottom of the deepest mine, it would form but a very insignificant fraction of the distance between the surface and centre of the globe, which is nearly 4000 miles. Thin as this crust may seem, it nevertheless presents innumerable objects for investigation; hence the magnitude of this science, which has been ranked, in point of importance, second only to that of astronomy. 3. The materials which compose the crust of the globe are exceedingly varied. For instance, one part of the surface is covered with sand, another with clay, and a third with gravel. How were these materials formed, whence were they derived, and by what agency were they laid down in their present position? Again, shells and bones may be found in the sand and clay, plants and trees in the peat-earth. How came these remains to be buried there, and are they similar to those animals and vegetables now living and growing upon the earth? As we dig through the sands, gravels, and clays, we come upon rocks, some in layers, others in masses; some are hard and sparkling, others soft and earthy; and most of them differ in colour. Many of them differ also in the kind of matter of which they are composed, such as sandstone, limestone, coal, roofing-slate, &c. How were these rocks formed, and by what means were they laid down in their present positions? for rocks so different in kind as limestone, coal, and sandstone, must have been formed under different circumstances. Further, we find petrified shells, fishes, bones, and plants imbedded in these rocks; and different rocks contain different kinds of these remains. How were they imbedded there? Are they similar to shells, fishes, and plants now existing? Do they seem to have lived and grown to the sea, in fresh water, or on dry land? Such are a.few of the questions which it is the province of the geologist to consider; and in doing so, he must ground his reasoning upon the analogy of the changes now going forward on the face of the globe, endeavouring to discover what relation they bear to former changes, and whether both may be ascribed to similar causes. 4. The causes which modify the crust of the globe are very numerous, differing in power, as well as in their mode of action. At present we find rivers bearing down mud, sand, and gravel, and depositing the same either along their banks, in lakes, or in the sea-these deposits forming layers of mud, sand, or gravel, which in some cases become consolidated, and assume a rocky appearance. If plants, shells, or dead animals be carried down at the same time by these rivers, they will be imbedded in the layers so formed, and will in course of time become petrified, or converted into stony matter. Rains, frosts, winds, and the like, act upon all rocks, and make them crumble down, thus leaving the decayed matter to form additional surface soil, or to be borne down by rivers and other currents of water. Plants and animals also modify the crust of the globe: plants grow and decay, either adding matter to the soil, or forming accumulations in marshes, in the character of peat-moss: animals also yield their remains to the surface; and some of them, as shell-fish and corals, form vast accumulations of solid matter. Earthquakes break up the earth's crust, elevating some places, and sinking others; raising the bottom of the sea to become dry land, and sinking dry land under the ocean. Volcanoes are sometimes accompanied with similar effects, and generally throw out liquid lava, which, when cooled down, forms rocks; and repetitions of these discharges gradually form mountains. 5. The causes enumerated in the preceding paragraph are |